Effect of density-driven flow on the through-diffusion experiment

Diffusion is one of the main mechanisms of solute transport in pore water of geologic media. The effective diffusion coefficient of a solute in a rock is usually measured by the through-diffusion experiment. However, in this experiment, the effect of advection, induced by density difference between dense aqueous solution and pure water, has not been considered. To evaluate the effect of density-driven flow, a through-diffusion experiment using Fontainebleau sandstone was conducted for KCl and KI aqueous solutions with various densities. The measured effective diffusion coefficients were positively correlated with the density difference; the effective diffusion coefficient of a 1 M KI solution (density difference, 0.119 g/cm³) was one order of magnitude larger than that of a 0.1 M KCl solution (density difference, 0.005 g/cm³). The result is explained by a theoretical model using a diffusion–advection equation including Darcy's law. Based on the theory, a diagram to evaluate the condition at which the measured effective diffusion coefficient does not include the effect of advection is presented.     

Modeling Flow Through a One-Dimensional Multi-Layered Soil Profile Using the Method of Lines

The vertical flow of water through horizontal layers of soil is considered using the Method of Lines. Continuity of mass principles are used to develop the interface boundary conditions, by introducing fictitious points at the interface, and the boundary conditions are handled using explicit and iterative approximations. Both the pressure based, and the water content based forms of Richards' equation are solved using the Method of Lines. The solutions obtained are compared with some particular analytic solutions obtained from the literature, and the results show that good accuracy can be achieved. It is also shown that the water content model can handle a large discontinuity at the interface when compared against the analytical solution. This result is also confirmed against a numerical example from the literature, and was effective for relatively dry initial conditions.     

上海市经济-环境系统的物质输入分析

对区域或城市经济-环境系统的物质输入分析。可以判断可持续发展所处的状态。进而为区域或城市制定循环经济发展战略提供依据。利用物质流的理论和方法．依据欧盟指导原则，分析了1990—2003年间上海市经济-环境系统的物质总需求和资源生产率等主要指标。研究结果表明：①上海市巨大的物质总需求和直接物质消耗给上海市的生态环境带来了巨大的压力；②1996年上海市的资源生产率是全国的1．22倍．但2000年日本的资源生产率是上海市的36倍；③影响上海市的物质总需求或者环境质量的关键因素是技术和制度能力。在上述的分析基础上。提出在2020年之前上海市发展循环经济要注重于输入端的减物质化和加强循环绍济的技术支撑研究与开发以及制度能力建设。     

上海新城区构建湿地处理污水的经济技术分析

根据上海市郊新城区发展规模以及绿地规划，从构建湿地处理污水的效果、投资和运行费用以及与市郊新城区绿地景观系统规划相容性方面进行了经济技术分析。分析结果表明：上海市郊新城区利用构建湿地建设生活污水处理系统，基本可以满足污水综合排放标准的要求，不但技术上可行，经济上更节省，而且能够与新城区绿地系统、亲水景观的规划建设有机结合。     

长江上游地区泥石流灾害敏感性量化评价研究

泥石流敏感性分析对灾害分析评价预测具有重要作用。文章以长江上游为研究区,选择坡度、相对高差、地层岩性、年降雨量、地震烈度等5方面因素为评价因子,探讨运用GIS技术管理分析泥石流灾害信息和区域泥石流敏感性分析的方法。量化评价因子的作用分值大小,有效表达泥石流敏感性指数(DFSI),进而,结合空间分析与条件概率模型,实现了区域泥石流敏感性分析并制作了泥石流敏感性专题图。长江上游地区泥石流敏感性区域具有一定的规律性,高度敏感区主要分布在第一级阶梯与第二级阶梯的过渡地带,比较集中的区域有雅砻江中下游、安宁河、小江、普渡河、大渡河中下游、理塘河、白龙江、岷江上游、涪江上游等干支流的5～10 km范围内;中度敏感区主要分布在高度敏感区的外围约10～30 km范围内。利用历史泥石流资料验证,表明已经发生的泥石流主要分布在泥石流敏感性指数较高地区,说明敏感性分析的结果基本反映出研究区泥石流敏感性特性。     

钙、镁离子在水流作用下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

为了解在"引江济太"过程中大量钙、镁离子的引入对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,本实验在控制温度和光照条件下,室内模拟不同钙、镁离子浓度在两个特征流速5 cm/s和15 cm/s下微囊藻的生长。实验结果表明,微囊藻藻密度随钙、镁离子浓度的增加而增加,流速在15cm/s下微囊藻最大藻密度(9 236.4×104cell/mL)是流速为5 cm/s下最大藻密度(2 873.72×104cell/mL)的3倍,流速为15 cm/s下微囊藻最大比增长速率均较5 cm/s下的高。这可能是在水流产生的剪切力作用下藻细胞胞外多糖增加,粘附更多的钙、镁离子更利于钙、镁离子迁移到胞内,同时胞外附着的钙、镁离子尤其钙离子形成桥联,使微囊藻细胞形成群体产生微环境利于微囊藻的生长。水流对微囊藻利用钙、镁离子有重要的影响,这为有效调水抑制蓝藻生长提供科学依据。     

非烟气工况下常规烟塔与改造烟塔内部结构的比较

根据流体力学理论,基于Fluent6.3.26计算平台,对常规冷却塔和改造后的排烟冷却塔进行了三维内部流场的模拟。分析非烟气工况下,两塔内部烟道布置对气流的影响,为进一步研究在工况条件下烟气、水蒸气塔内扰流与湿热蒸汽抬升作用提供理论基础。验证了改造烟塔内部烟道布置的优越性,对排烟冷却塔结构优化有一定的指导意义。     

复合吸收技术净化复杂工业有机废气

以低浓度、大风量、含无机物、尘粒和油分等成分的复杂工业有机废气为对象,进行复合吸收净化技术的研究,从吸收机制初步探索,对净化设备、工艺流程及工程应用分别进行了探讨.分别以3种不同的表面活性剂溶液为复合吸收剂,考察其处理含甲苯和醋酸丁酯废气的净化效果,结果表明降低复合吸收剂的表面张力,有利于甲苯和醋酸丁酯的去除率.针对复杂工业有机废气,开发高效吸收设备,集合了水膜、旋流板和填料3种吸收净化装置的优点于一体,具有结构简单、体积小、防堵塞及多级高效吸收传质的优势.工艺流程以吸收技术为主,整合了加热吹脱、燃烧和厌氧等工艺,最终使废气和吸收尾液达标排放.该技术已在制造、喷涂等多家企业的工程上应用.     

T型微通道反应器内气液两相流及气液固多相流模拟研究

微通道内流体流动及标量传递信息的获取一直是研究热点之一。基于CFD模拟技术,研究了微通道中气液两相及气液固三相的流动过程。开发了颗粒孔隙尺度网格处理方法,获得了微通道内气液两相流型随气液流速及气相入口尺寸的变化规律,初步分析了催化剂颗粒缝隙气泡的变形、破碎等情况,为微反应器的合理设计提供了指导。     

Mechanisms of the Formation of Extrazonal Biocenoses on the Solovetskiye Islands

On the Solovetskiye Islands, subtundra forests and forest-tundra crooked forests are considered to be zonal biocenoses, as this region is intersected by the 12°C isotherm for July, which marks the boundary between the northern taiga and forest-tundra zones in northern Europe. The formation of extrazonal tundras on the islands is attributed to the cooling effect of the sea and the prevalence of cold northeasterly winds in the growing period. Herbaceous and herb-bilberry forests similar to their middle-taiga counterparts develop in this region due to a convective heat flow anomaly of high intensity (up to 40–50 W/m²). The phenomenon provides evidence for the existence of an active heat source in the crust under the archipelago. This source is probably a diapir fold involving the upward movement of the mantle.