中国城市道路路面径流研究

随着我国城市化的进程,城市建筑用地面积逐步增加,城市道路系统是城市地表的主要组成,在给城市带来便利的时候还产生了一些问题,城市道路路面径流便是其中之一,作为城市地表径流的重要形式,其问题愈加凸显。本文以超渗地表产流模型为基础,经过改进提出了城市道路路面径流模型。通过对这一模型的分析研究,阐述了路面径流中存在的问题并提出了几点在现阶段可行的改进措施,以期对城市建设尤其是城市道路系统的建设起到指导作用。     

哈尔滨松北滩涂湿地功能探析

湿地被誉为“地球之肾”。长期以来,它的价值不为人们所知晓。松花江北岸滩涂湿地生态系统,既保持着独立的自然属性,又与城市融为一体,是我国大城市中最大的城市湿地。本文通过调查分析,探析松北滩涂湿地的功能,使人们看清它的价值,保护湿地。     

广州市区公交车站PM_(2.5)与CO暴露水平研究

用便携式颗粒物浓度测定仪(DustTrak Model8520)和CO测定仪(Q-Trak Model8551),于2008年9月至2009年1月对广州市区11个代表性公交车站的PM2.5和CO暴露水平进行了测定。结果表明,公交车站7:00～19:00时间段PM2.5的平均浓度范围为206～348μg/m3,总体均值达288μg/m3,显示公交车站PM2.5污染问题突出;CO平均浓度范围1.5～4.0mg/m3,总体平均2.8mg/m3,有六个站点平均浓度超过了我国环境空气质量标准限值(4.0mg/m3或3.2mg/m3)。大多数站点工作日与非工作日PM2.5与CO水平差异不大,部分站点则受车流量和客流量变化影响呈现差异。同一站点PM2.5日变化特征不如CO明显,一次污染物CO变化受交通高峰影响呈双峰特征,而PM2.5水平影响因素复杂,一般白天较低,夜晚21:00出现峰值。不同站点CO与车流量未见显著相关性,表明车流量并不是决定公交站点CO水平的唯一因素,而扩散条件及公交车排放可能也是重要影响因素;与CO不同,不同站点PM2.5与车流量表现出显著相关(p0.05),可能侧面反映路面扬尘对公交车站PM2.5水平的影响和贡献。     

国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较

文章以英国2009年发表的可持续发展指标体系和美国可持续社区指标指南为例,比较了国内外城市可持续发展评估指标体系,列举了各指标体系的大类和分项,从指标体系的选择和评价方法的确定等方面综述了国内可持续发展指标体系,以期为制定和完善中国的城市可持续发展指标体系提供参考。     

基于条件高斯模拟的城市灰尘Pb元素的空间分布特征

城市灰尘是分散于城市不同区域的表面固体颗粒物。城市灰尘对城市环境造成的污染越来越多地受到人们的关注,尤其是城市灰尘重金属对城市生存环境造成的危害。本文利用R软件中的Gstat包,对金华市城市地表灰尘中的Pb元素含量进行500次条件高斯模拟,并从中随机抽出3次模拟对其模拟结果进行分析,从模拟结果可以看出研究区Pb元素总体上显示出相似的空间变化趋势,但在细部空间变化上是有差别的。条件高斯模拟法对未知点的模拟值具有不确定性,克服了普通克里格法的平滑效应,能够更好地反映研究区的随机性和结构性。     

推行清洁生产 促进黑龙江省循环经济发展

当前,黑龙江省＂高污染、高消耗、低产出＂的传统经济发展模式越来越受到资源瓶颈和生态环境的制约,提高资源利用率,减少废弃物的产生成为当前迫切解决的问题。因此寻找促进发展循环经济的方法成为黑龙江省转变经济增长方式的必然选择。清洁生产,就是在确保产品满足人类物质文化需要的前提下,通过不断改进管理和推进技术进步等措施,达到提高资源利用率、减少乃至消除污染物的产生,使其生产过程和产品对人类和环境危害最小的目的。清洁生产是解决经济发展与环境矛盾的重要手段,是生态产业发展的基础,更是实现黑龙江省循环经济发展的重要途径。     

Bacteria on housefly eggs, Musca domestica, suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites

Female houseflies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), lay their eggs in ephemeral resources such as animal manure. Hatching larvae compete for essential nutrients with fungi that also colonize such resources. Both the well-known antagonistic relationship between bacteria and fungi and the consistent presence of the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca on housefly eggs led us to hypothesize (1) that K. oxytoca, and possibly other bacteria on housefly eggs, help curtail the growth of fungal resource competitors and (2) that such fungi indeed adversely affect the development of housefly larvae. Bacteria washed from housefly eggs significantly reduced the growth of fungi in chicken manure. Nineteen bacterial strains and ten fungal strains were isolated from housefly eggs or chicken manure, respectively. Co-culturing each of all the possible bacterium–fungus pairs revealed that the bacteria as a group, but no single bacterium, significantly suppressed the growth of all fungal strains tested. The bacteria's adverse effect on fungi is due to resource nutrient depletion and/or the release of antifungal chemicals. Well-established fungi in resources significantly reduced the number of larval offspring that completed development to adult flies. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in Carcinus maenas

The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (Dursban(r)) and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent (STIUE) exposure on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban(r). The exposure of crabs to Dursban(r) (3.12 μg/L) showed a significant decrement of AChE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. meanas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous (OP) and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.     

环境友好型材料的研究

材料产业是资源（能源）消耗和污染排放的主要责任者之一,并由此产生严重的生态环境问题,通过分析传统材料产业发展带来的能源和环境危机,阐述了环境友好型生态材料的内涵与研发内容,说明只有从系统的观点出发,了解与掌握发展环境友好型材料的技术途径,大力推广其研究与应用,才能最终实现人类与自然的协调发展。     

积极开发“城市矿山” 全面协调发展循环经济

从金属资源回收循环利用出发,把城市比喻成为一座储有优良矿产资源的＂城市矿山＂加以开发,寻求矿物资源,是经济社会可持续发展的必然选择。＂城市矿山＂比天然形成的真正矿山更具开发价值,关键是如何科学有序、有效地开发＂城市矿山＂,需要国家有关部门指导、规划和资金投入的支持。