多层渗滤介质系统去除城市雨水径流有机污染物

以屋顶和机动车路面雨水径流污染物为研究对象,设计了用于去除雨水径流污染物的多层渗滤介质系统,进行污染雨水净化效果的试验研究.结果表明,系统对屋顶和机动车路面雨水径流有机污染物有明显的去除效果,CODMn平均去除率为80%左右,出水浓度小于4mg·L-1,达到了地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;BOD5的去除率达50%以上,出水值达到了地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;同时,系统的净化能力主要发生在垫层及地基土层0.3m以内,污染严重的机动车路面径流在土柱底部也能达到很好的去除效果;"砂砾科"垫层对CODMn和BOD5,的去除效果稍好于"无砂混凝土"垫层.     

城市生态系统承载机制初步研究

文章分析了城市生态系统组成、结构及功能流,立足于资源承载力、环境承载力的角度,探讨了城市生态系统内部资源、环境对人类社会经济活动的承载约束机制,从城市生态系统客观存在性、弹性与扩展性、递阶性及相对性等方面,总结了城市生态系统承载机制的特点,在建立承载机制评价指标框架的基础上,初步提出了承载机制的定量研究方法。     

环杭州湾地区城市扩张的遥感动态监测

以环杭州湾地区为研究对象,应用决策树和形状指数相结合的方法从TM影像中分别提取了2003年和2006年的城镇用地信息,并对杭州市、绍兴市和宁波市的城市扩张特点进行了分析和研究。通过精度检验,城镇用地总体Kappa系数都在0.87以上,说明该方法提取城镇信息是行之有效的。2003年环杭州湾地区的城镇用地面积为914.04km²,2006年为1 286.1km²,4年间城镇用地净增了372.06km²,主要城市用地净增了192.6km²;杭州市、绍兴市、宁波市市区面积增加了43.7 km²;而其它县城与开发区增加了145.6 km²;说明小城市在环杭州湾地区城市化进程中处于主导地位;而大城市的作用则相对较小。杭州市、绍兴市城市扩张明显,其中尤以杭州市下沙区和绍兴市袍江工业园区的扩张最显著;宁波市城市扩张最小,特别是余姚城区。扩张方向上,杭州市主要向西北和北面扩张;宁波市在各个方向上的扩张比较平均。     

SWMM 模型在城市不透水区地表径流模拟中的参数识别与验证

为了研究城市不透水下垫面的降雨径流过程和污染负荷,以屋面为例,选择径流管理模型SWMM,采用独立场次实测数据,应用基于不确定性分析的HSY算法和Monte Carlo采样方法对模型中的水文水力和水质参数进行识别和验证.结果表明,地表不透水区径流模型中主要包含6个关键参数,分别为不透水区初损填洼深度(S-imperv)、不透水区曼宁系数(N-imperv),指数累积方程中的最大可能累积值(max buildup)、累积常数(rate constant),指数冲刷方程中的冲刷系数(coefficient)和冲刷指数 (exponent).水文水力参数的识别可以最小二乘法偏差作为目标函数,水质参数的识别可以场次污染负荷和污染物峰值浓度作为目标函数.参数识别结果为N-imperv0.012～0.025, S-imperv 0～0.7, max buildup 15～30, rate constant0.2～0.8, coefficient0.01～ 0.05, exponent1.0～1.2.参数的区域灵敏度由大到小排序为 coefficient、S-imperv、N-imperv、max buildup、exponent、rate constant.识别后的参数可以通过模型验证,但是在模拟一些雨型特殊的降雨径流污染物浓度曲线时,仍然存在一定的困难.     

上海城市地表灰尘重金属污染累积过程与影响因素

选择上海中心城区典型样点开展地表灰尘重金属累积过程的实证研究.结果表明,交通区地表灰尘负荷平均值为12.4 g/m,范围为5.04 ～23.2 g/m;文教区道路灰尘负荷为6.1g/m,范围为3.8～10.0 g/m.持续时间长、强度较大的降雨对颗粒物负荷有明显的削减作用,而小雨则会使其总量有所增加,土地利用类型和道路交通行为是影响地表灰尘大气环境“源-汇”效应的重要因素.在干期累积过程中,随着无雨天数的增加,地表灰尘负荷随之升高,同时颗粒物粒径逐渐增大.在交通流量较高的地区,灰尘重金属浓度呈现降低趋势,表现出对大气悬浮颗粒物的“源”效应,而交通流量相对较低的区域灰尘重金属浓度则有所升高,显示出其对大气悬浮物的"汇"效应.干期累积过程中,污染物负荷变化取决于灰尘负荷和污染物浓度两者的共同作用,呈现出S型增长趋势,降雨过后10 d内,污染负荷增长缓慢,10～15 d迅速增加,15 d后,污染负荷增长速率减小,颗粒物与大气悬浮物交换保持平衡状态.     

城市绿地结构与鸟类栖息生境的营造

城市化对城市鸟类多样性产生了诸多不利影响。城市绿地结构是鸟类栖息生境选择的重要因素之一。在分析公园面积、连通性、岛屿化等影响城市鸟类多样性的城市绿地结构特征基础上,提出通过优化绿地结构营造鸟类栖息生境的原则,探讨了保护城市自然保留地、建设环城绿化带、构建河岸带与道路绿色廊道、复层植物群落配置、特殊空间绿化等途径作为鸟类生境营造的方法。     

发达国家城市环境治理的若干经验

发达国家城市环境治理的经验主要有:完善环境保护法律制度,保证治理措施的有效实施;健全环境管理体系,强化环境行政管理;注意推动自愿性行动来保护环境,积极推动公众参与环境治理;运用经济手段,制定激励奖惩措施,提高环境治理的效率;合理划分环境治理权限,建立权威性的管理机构;大量发展环境教育,通过民众环境保护意识,形成民族心理;加大科技投入,注重科技进步,发展环保产业。这些经验及其教训留给人们诸多启示,值得中国学习与借鉴。     

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (C₁₉H₁₅N₄·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cmand 20–40 cmsoil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C_mic)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(4): 4–6, 9 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

An integrated assessment method of urban drainage system:A case study in Shenzhen City,China

In recent years, the urban drainage system in China is facing the dual pressure of renovation and construction. This requires that the integrated assessment for the planning and operation of the urban drainage system is obligatory. To evaluate the urban drainage system, an integrated assessment methodology based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), integrated simulation, and fuzzy assessment is established. This method is a multi-criteria decision adding app roach to the assessment of the urban drainage system comprehensively. Through the integration of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), a simple wastewater treatment plant model, and a surface water quality model, an integrated modelling system for the urban drainage system is developed and applied as a key tool for assessment. Using the established method, a case study in Shenzhen City has been implemented to evaluate and compare two urban drainage system reno vation plans, the distributed plan and the centralized plan. Because of the particularity of this case study, the established method is not applied entirely. Considering the water environ mental impact, ecological impact, technological feasibility, and economic cost, the integrated performance of the distri buted plan is better. As shown in this case study, the proposed method is found to be both effective and practical.     

国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较

文章以英国2009年发表的可持续发展指标体系和美国可持续社区指标指南为例,比较了国内外城市可持续发展评估指标体系,列举了各指标体系的大类和分项,从指标体系的选择和评价方法的确定等方面综述了国内可持续发展指标体系,以期为制定和完善中国的城市可持续发展指标体系提供参考。