统计方法在污染场地修复验收评估中的应用

为合理评估污染场地修复验收结果,运用2种统计学方法——平行样t检验和UCL(置信上限)评估方法,对修复案例场地土壤样品的检测结果进行评估. 结果表明:采用传统的逐一对比方法,有8个采样点的w(As)和1个采样点的w(Hg)超过修复目标;平行样t检验法显示,这9个超标采样点中,S48采样点w(As)和S1采样点w(Hg)略微超过修复目标,是由采样与实验室误差引起,可视为已经达到修复效果;95%UCL评估方法结果则显示,w(As)和w(Hg)的95%UCL分别为23.81和5.83mg/kg,均小于对应的修复目标值,只有S26采样点w(As)大于修复目标值的2倍,可判定该场地土壤中除S26采样点w(As)外,其他均已达标. 研究说明:①运用适当的统计分析方法对修复效果进行评估,可节省不必要的修复成本;②传统的逐一对比方法适用于修复场地面积较小、采样数量有限的情况,平行样t检验则可剔除采样过程或实验室分析误差导致的超标值的影响;③95%UCL评估方法可从整体上判断场地修复效果,适合于修复面积较大、采样数量相对较多的情况,应用时注意95%UCL应小于修复目标值,污染物含量的最高检测值应不超过修复目标的2倍且不出现局部连续超标区域.      

列车运行控制系统安全保障与认证方法研究

为了保证轨道交通系统的运行安全性,系统必须在其投入运行之前进行安全认证,只有取得相应的安全授权才能投入运行。结合CENELEC国际标准和我国应用实践,提出以安全验证和确认为基础的安全保障与认证方法,将安全验证和确认的方法贯穿于系统研制开发生命周期内的每一个阶段,监控系统研制开发的每一个活动,评审系统研制开发的每一个文档,保证相关文档之间的追溯性,针对系统的所有需求进行完备性和充分性测试,才能够确保列车运行控制系统能安全、可靠地投入使用。列车运行控制系统是轨道交通系统的重要组成部分,关系其运行安全和效率2,010年底采用安全验证和确认的方法成功地将LCF-300型列车运行控制系统应用于北京轨道交通亦庄线和昌平线,并顺利通过英国劳氏公司的第三方安全认证。     

EU risk assessment guidelines

Regional PECs (Potential Environmental Concentrations) calculated with the software EUSES were compared with measured values using different emission and environmental distribution scenarios. The environmental data set recommended in EUSES (default data set) represents a generic standard region. In different scenarios the parameters of the generic region are replaced by concrete values, and estimated parameters (emissions, degradation rates and partition coefficients) are substituted by measured or investigated values. Deviations with regard to the measured values can be up to three orders of magnitude. Despite the basically conservative approximations, underestimations can occur. However, these are usually due to poor monitoring data or inappropriate input values. The use of regional data instead of default parameters only slightly ameliorates the results. The use of real emission and degradation rates alone can improve the results significantly.     

A guide to qualitative attribution methods for evaluation in conservation

Knowledge of what conservation interventions improve biodiversity outcomes, and in which circumstances, is imperative. Experimental and quasi-experimental methods are increasingly used to establish causal inference and build the evidence base on the effectiveness of interventions, but their ability to provide insight into how and under what conditions an intervention should be implemented to improve biodiversity outcomes faces limitations. A suite of attribution methods that leverage qualitative methods for causal inference is available but underutilized in conversation impact evaluation. This article provides a guide to 5 such qualitative attribution methods: contribution analysis, process tracing, realist evaluation, qualitative comparative analysis, and most significant change. It defines and introduces each method and then illustrates how they could be applied through a case study of community conservancies in Namibia. This guide provides examples of how qualitative attribution methods can advance knowledge of what works, in which contexts, and why in biodiversity conservation.     

中国农业植被净初级生产力模拟(Ⅱ)——模型的验证与净初级生产力估算

利用我国若干代表性区域6种主要作物(水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、大豆、油菜)生产力的田间试验及统计数据,对中国农业植被净初级生产力模型Crop鄄C进行了验证。结果表明,该模型能利用常规的气象和土壤资料、化肥氮施用量等较好地模拟我国6种作物主产区的净初级生产力,模拟值与观测值的相关系数(R2)为0.80(n=786)。将Crop鄄C模型与GIS空间数据库耦合,估计了1980-2000年中国农业植被净初级生产力。模拟结果表明,自1980年以来,中国农业植被净初级生产力呈增加趋势,从1980年的472.9TgC增加到2000年的607.2TgC,秦岭淮河以北的华北地区和西北部分地区增加最为明显。     

Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residues in two apple varieties

This study was undertaken to validate the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe” (QuEChERS) method using Golden Delicious and Starking Delicious apple matrices spiked at 0.1 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 10 MRL levels of the four pesticides (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, indoxacarb and imidacloprid). For the extraction and cleanup, original QuEChERS method was followed, then the samples were subjected to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for chromatographic analyses. According to t test, matrix effect was not significant for chlorpyrifos in both sample matrices, but it was significant for dimethoate, indoxacarb and imidacloprid in both sample matrices. Thus, matrix-matched calibration (MC) was used to compensate matrix effect and quantifications were carried out by using MC. The overall recovery of the method was 90.15% with a relative standard deviation of 13.27% (n = 330). Estimated method detection limit of analytes blew the MRLs. Some other parameters of the method validation, such as recovery, precision, accuracy and linearity were found to be within the required ranges.     

汽车电子电气零部件环境适应性和可靠性验证

本文介绍了汽车电子电器零部件开发过程中的环境适应性和可靠性验证方法。主要通过对开发过程中各个阶段验证情况的研究,分析了现在车厂对汽车电子电气零部件的试验目标、试验项目及试验时间的设定方法,为车载电气零部件的环境适应性和可靠性验证提供依据。     

Validation of an Invertebrate Community Index for Urban Streams for an Alabama Coastal Plains Watershed1

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to validate the application of an invertebrate community index (ICI) to assess the biological integrity of urban streams. Validation involved comparing chemical and habitat data to ICI scores from 20 urban streams and four least‐impacted streams in the Choctawhatchee and Pea River watersheds located in Southeast Alabama. Chemical and habitat data were collected to support whether the ICI accurately predicts the health of the streams. A significant difference between urban and least‐impacted ICI scores, habitat evaluation scores, chemical variables, taxa richness, and Shannon‐Wiener diversity were observed when urban sites were compared with least‐impacted sites using Mann‐Whitney U‐test. Urban sites having low ICI scores, low species richness and diversity, and poor habitat showed greater impairment than least‐impacted sites. Cluster analysis of macroinvertebrate assemblages indicated two clusters. Significant differences between clusters in habitat evaluations, chemical parameters, and ICI scores showed that some urban sites were more degraded than other urban sites in the study. Differentiation between least‐impacted and urban sites indicated that the ICI provided valid biotic assessments. Therefore, this study validated that the ICI is capable of predicting the biological integrity of urban streams in the Choctawhatchee and Pea River watersheds.     

生物质分类表征蔬菜废物好氧降解模型中试检验

为发展可支持生产性堆肥设施控制的有机废物好氧降解模型,对生物质分类蔬菜废物好氧降解速率模型(即:六因子的生物质分类一级降解动力学模型Mt=M0e-kt),以及通过主因子分析法(PCA)和生物质组分归类2种方法简化得到的二因子和三因子模型,利用太湖农村生活垃圾现场堆肥中试的一次发酵试验结果,进行了模拟检验.结果表明,生物质分类表征蔬菜废物好氧降解模型能有效地模拟中试的实际降解率,模拟与实测值的pearson相关系数r＞0.966(p＜0.001);且模拟效果基本不受原料生物质组成与堆肥工况控制条件的影响.而简化模型的模拟效果明显劣于六因子模型,这可能源于各类生物质好氧降解受温度影响的机制不同,组分的动力学参数难以合并简化.