利用CDOM吸收系数估算博斯腾湖水体表层DOC浓度

基于2021年夏秋两季西部干旱区博斯腾湖表层50个采样点位实测数据,通过对DOC特征的统计学分析、内外源因素影响的时空差异以及电导率相关性验证,将博斯腾湖划分为河口和非河口区域.然后以CDOM特征波长吸收系数a₂₅₀和a₃₆₅为自变量,以DOC浓度（c_DOC）为因变量,分别构建了基于CDOM的河口和非河口水域DOC浓度估算模型.结果表明：河流与湖泊进行水体交换的同时,会将大量陆源DOC输送到博斯腾湖中,使得河口区域DOC浓度明显高于非河口区域（t-tests,P<0.01）,河口区域的DOC浓度（c_DOC）约是非河口区域的2.2~2.3倍,且在河口区域c_DOC与电导率呈现显著相关关系（夏季：R²=0.81,P<0.01;秋季：R²=0.84,P<0.01）.本文构建拟合模型（c_DOC=α+β·α₂₅₀+γ·α₃₆₅）,并通过交叉验证的方法来检验模型精度.将夏季和秋季同区域数据统一建模,河口和非河口区域CDOM与DOC均存在较好的相关关系,且模型精度较高（河口区域：R²=0.60,RMSE=8.56%;非河口区域：R²=0.66,RMSE=8.77%）.本文所建立的模型可以在不增加环境因子变量的前提下提高精度,有利于实现卫星遥感反演.同时,本研究揭示了河流输入对博斯腾湖DOC分布和估算的时空影响,提出可利用CDOM估算DOC浓度,但需根据水文特征和c_DOC等因素区分河口和非河口区域.本研究对实现新疆水资源合理开发、有效保护以及综合治理提供科学依据,对我国西部干旱区湖泊DOC遥感动态监测具有重要意义.     

Seasonal variations, temperature dependence, and sources of size-resolved PM components in Nanjing, east China

Size-segregated ambient particulate matter (PM) samples were collected seasonally in suburban Nanjing of east China from 2016 to 2017 and chemically speciated. In both fine (< 2.1 µm, PM_2.1) and coarse (> 2.1 µm, PM_>2.1) PM, organic carbon (OC) accounted for the highest fractions (26.9% ± 10.9% and 23.1% ± 9.35%) of all measured species, and NO₃⁻ lead in average concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs). The size distributions of measured components were parameterized using geometric mean diameter (GMD). GMD values of NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, OC, and PM for the whole size range varied from < 2.1 µm in winter to > 2.1 μm in warm seasons, which was due to the fact that the size distributions of semi-volatile components (e.g., NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and OC) had a dependency on the ambient temperature. Unlike OC, elemental carbon (EC), and elements, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ exhibited an increase trend in GMD values with relative humidity, indicating that the hygroscopic growth might also play a role in driving seasonal changes of PM size distributions. Positive matrix factorization was performed using compositional data of fine and coarse particles, respectively. The secondary formation of inorganic salts contributing to the majority (> 70%) of fine PM and 20.2% ± 19.9% of speciated coarse PM. The remaining coarse PM content was attributed to a variety of dust sources. Considering that coarse and fine PM had comparable mass concentrations, more attention should be paid to local dust emissions in future air quality plans.     

2017年华北平原采暖季和非采暖季道路PM10污染特征和健康风险评估——以济南市为例

由于污染程度较重和其所携带的大量毒性成分,大气颗粒物对人体健康具有重要影响。根据济南市51个道路颗粒物监测点PM₁₀数据,讨论了采暖季和非采暖季道路PM₁₀的浓度水平和健康风险。结果表明：（1）道路PM₁₀的平均浓度是城市背景站点的1.5倍,道路PM₁₀浓度水平主要受车流量和道路施工活动的影响。由于燃煤量的增加,采暖季的PM₁₀平均浓度是非采暖季的1.3倍。（2）从空间变化来看,这些道路站点可以分为三类,其中第二类由于受建筑活动和交通源影响,PM₁₀浓度最高,第一类由于具有绿化带和好的周围环境,PM₁₀浓度最低。（3）从时间变化来看,在非采暖季,周六浓度最高,周二浓度最低;在采暖季,周四浓度最高,周六和周二浓度最低。PM₁₀较高浓度出现在早晚,与交通源密切相关。（4）除了非采暖季PM₁₀对成年人没有健康风险,其他情况下,PM₁₀均有健康风险。     

南京亚微米级颗粒物化学组成的季节变化、粒径分布和来源

于2016～2017年不同季节在南京大学仙林校区采集分粒径的颗粒物样品,分析了粒径≤1.1μm颗粒物(PM_1.1;<0.4、0.4～0.7和0.7～1.1μm)中水溶性离子、碳质组分和元素的浓度.结果表明,受当地扩散条件以及热不稳定组分在高温下挥发分解的影响,PM_1.1、 OC、 NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和NH⁺₄浓度均表现出秋冬高、春夏低的特点.而元素碳在春季因工业和道路扬尘贡献的升高达到最大浓度[(1.87±0.98)μg·m^-3].根据丰量组分间的特征比值,南京PM_1.1中的阴离子由NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和Cl^-主导,碳质组分主要来自化石燃料燃烧及老化过程.随着温度的升高,热不稳定组分NH⁺₄、 NO     

中国区域紫外辐射红斑剂量时空变化特征

利用大气探测卫星AURA搭载的臭氧观测仪（ozone monitoring instrument,OMI）所获得的紫外辐射红斑剂量数据,分析了2005—2015年中国紫外辐射的时空变化特征。在空间上,紫外线辐射呈现纬度地带性分布,从南向北逐渐减小,大约从4200 J?m^?2到1500 J?m^?2递减。紫外辐射与高程呈现明显的正相关,东部、东北的低海拔地区,紫外辐射相对较低。在高海拨的青藏高原区,紫外辐射高,多年平均值大约为5500 J?m^?2,有些区域可达6000 J?m^?2以上。在时间上,紫外辐射红斑剂量存在明显的季节变化,一年中变化大致呈现抛物线分布。在夏季（7月份）达到最大值,多年平均值为5532.9 J?m^?2,春秋季次之,冬季（12月份）达到最小值,多年平均值为1089.2 J?m^?2。2005—2015年平均紫外线辐射呈上升趋势,但是在2010年出现谷值,多年平均值大约为3016.5 J?m^?2。不同区域的变化趋势表现出明显的空间差异,大体呈现两种模式：在高值的青藏高原区,紫外辐射呈现减少的趋势;在低值区,紫外辐射呈现逐渐增大的趋势。     

三岔河梯级水库生源要素的时空变化特征

氮磷硅等生源要素是影响水体初级生产力、水生态系统结构与功能的重要因素。为了解梯级水库-河流体系营养盐的时空变化特征,对三岔河梯级水库(平寨水库、普定水库、引子渡水库)及入库河流进行了季度调查,分析了其氮、磷、硅营养盐浓度及其相关环境因子。结果显示,溶解硅(DSi)、总溶解氮(TDN)、PO_4~(3-)浓度分别为049～381、212～498、064～761×10~(-2)mg/L,平均值分别为199、325、003 mg/L。TDN和PO_4~(3-)浓度季节性变化较为明显,但空间变化较小;DSi的时空变化均较为显著。TDN浓度夏季较高,而PO_4~(3-)浓度春、冬季较高。TDN与叶绿素显著正相关,而PO_4~(3-)与温度显著负相关,表明两者的影响因素不同。DSi浓度水平沿程依次降低,主要受生物作用控制。DSi浓度随水体深度增加而增加,秋季尤为显著;而TDN和PO_4~(3-)在剖面上的变化因季节和水库的不同而不同。     

新疆典型城市气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用2006~2017年Aqua-MODIS C006气溶胶日产品数据,选取新疆地区11个代表性城市进行分类,分析典型城市的AOD近12a变化趋势及特征.结果表明：2006~2017年间,除乌鲁木齐市AOD小幅度上升外,其余10个城市AOD均出现不同程度下降,北疆城市年均降幅较小,吐鲁番市12a间AOD下降了0.13,为哈密、焉耆等同纬度城市群中的最大降幅,南疆城市AOD年均降幅最为显著,阿克苏、喀什、和田和若羌地区AOD分别下降了0.18、0.16、0.16和0.09;AOD空间分布上,南疆为AOD峰值中心,年均值达0.50以上,北疆和东疆地区AOD年均值维持在0.20~0.22;同时,AOD具有典型的季节变化特征,春季为AOD峰值季节,夏季次之,秋、冬季AOD较低;此外,12a间新疆全区AOD出现不同程度降低,其中南疆沙尘源区为AOD下降的典型区域,减少区域呈现出沿昆仑山脉自南向北的带状分布.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

溶剂使用源挥发性有机物排放特征与污染控制对策

VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）作为臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的关键前体物,已成为工业行业重点控制的大气污染物.源头控制作为工业源VOCs污染防治的重要手段,近5年来得到了快速发展.选取家具制造业、汽车制造业和包装印刷业作为代表性溶剂使用行业,逐生产工序检测、分析溶剂使用企业在使用传统溶剂型溶剂和新型水性溶剂时的VOCs排放特征,定量研究新型低/无VOCs溶剂替代所带来的VOCs污染特征的变化规律,分析并提出溶剂使用源VOCs污染控制对策.结果表明:不同生产工序所排放VOCs的浓度及其各物种贡献率均存在差异,使用新型水性溶剂时,酯类和烷烃为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）集中在8.77~40.21 mg/m3之间;使用传统溶剂型溶剂时,苯系物和酯类为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）分布在27.08~2 418.47 mg/m3之间,ρ（VOCs）为使用新型水性溶剂的2.78~50.00倍（以平均质量浓度计）,醇类、苯系物、烯烃、酮类、酯类和烷烃的质量浓度分别为使用新型水性溶剂的75.47、19.43、18.27、5.74、5.35和1.20倍.研究显示,源头控制通常需升级配套的生产工艺及设备,但相较于末端控制和过程控制更易管控;水性溶剂替代作为现阶段溶剂使用行业源头控制的主要手段,可有效降低各排污节点的VOCs排放浓度,实现VOCs减排;同时,苯系物和烯烃排放浓度及其排放总量的削减,可降低排放废气的反应活性,从而减少溶剂使用行业二次污染物的生成量.      

Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China

A continuous online observation of ozone and its precursors(NOx, VOCs) was carried out in central urban Wuhan from September 2016 to August 2017. The concentration levels of ozone,NOx, VOCs and their variations in urban Wuhan were analyzed, as well as effects of VOCs on ozone photochemical generation and the main controlling factors for ozone production. During the observation period, the average concentrations of ozone and NOx in Wuhan was 22.63 and30.14 ppbv, respectively, and the average concentration of VOCs was 32.61 ppbv(42.3% alkanes,13.0% alkenes, 10.0% aromatics, 7.3% acetylene, 9.9% OVOCs, and 10.5% halohydrocarbons).Ozone concentration was higher in spring and summer as compared with autumn and winter,wheras VOCs and NOx concentratios were lower in spring and summer but higher in autumn and winter. Aromatics and alkenes, two of VOCs species, showed the highest contributions to ozone formation potential in Wuhan(35.7% alkenes, 35.4 aromatics, 17.5% alkanes, 8.6% OVOCs,1.6% halogenated hydrocarbons, and 1.4% acetylene). Among all VOCs species, those with the highest contribution were ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, propylene and o-xylene. The contribution of these five compounds to the total ozone formation potential concentration was 43.90%.Ozone-controlling factors in Wuhan changed within one day; during the early morning hours(6:00–9:00), VOCs/NOx was low, and ozone generation followed a VOCs-limited regime.However, during the peak time of ozone concentration(12:00–16:00), the ratio of VOCs/NOx was relatively high, suggesting that ozone generation followed a NOx-limited regime.