Diurnal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM2:5 in Shanghai, China

Forty-eight daily time interval PM2:5 samples were collected from December 2006 to January 2008 in an urban site in Shanghai, China. Concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed with GC-MS to study the diurnal and seasonal variations and to identify the main emitting sources. The diurnal variation of the PAHs concentrations was greater in the late autumn and winter sampling days, and was greatly influenced by meteorological conditions such as wind speed and ambient temperature. The concentration of PAHs in the mornings (6:30–10:00) increased distinctly, and was high in the late autumn and winter sampling days, indicating the contribution from vehicle emissions during rush hours. The diurnal variation of the high molecular weight PAHs did not seem to be controlled by the shift of gas-particle partitioning due to temperature variation, instead, it could be indicative of the variation in the source. Statistical analyses showed that the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, and positively correlated with relative humidity. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested mixed emission sources of petroleum and coal/biomass combustion for PAHs in the PM2:5 in Shanghai.     

中国南方红壤丘陵区湖南水环境时空变化研究

以中国南方红壤丘陵区的典型区域-湖南省为例,利用1990～2000年湘、资、沅、澧四水和洞庭湖区重要断面的水质数据,采用综合污染指数方法和污染分担率方法,研究了湖南省水环境质量时空变化特征,并选取1990～2005年经济和废水排放数据,分析了经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立湖南省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。研究结果表明,从时间上看,湖南省的总体水环境污染有加重的趋势;从空间上看,水环境质量是从湖南省的西部向东部恶化。在流域和地区对比中,湘江和位于该流域的株洲市最为严重,总氮和汞是湖南省最主要的污染因子;通过环境库兹涅茨曲线模型模拟表明,湖南水环境与经济发展的关系位于环境库兹涅茨曲线上升段。本研究结果对于改善整个湖南省水环境污染状况,以便采取正确的防治策略具有一定的实践意义。     

High individual variation in pheromone production by tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Aggregation via pheromone signalling is essential for tree-killing bark beetles to overcome tree defenses and reproduce within hosts. Pheromone production is a trait that is linked to fitness, so high individual variation is paradoxical. One explanation is that the technique of measuring static pheromone pools overestimates true variation among individuals. An alternative hypothesis is that aggregation behaviour dilutes the contribution of individuals to the trait under selection and reduces the efficacy of natural selection on pheromone production by individuals. We compared pheromone measurements from traditional hindgut extractions of female southern pine beetles with those obtained by aerating individuals till they died. Aerations showed greater total pheromone production than hindgut extractions, but coefficients of variation (CV) remained high (60-182%) regardless of collection technique. This leaves the puzzle of high variation unresolved. A novel but simple explanation emerges from considering bark beetle aggregation behaviour. The phenotype visible to natural selection is the collective pheromone plume from hundreds of colonisers. The influence of a single beetle on this plume is enhanced by high variation among individuals but constrained by large group sizes. We estimated the average contribution of an individual to the pheromone plume across a range of aggregation sizes and showed that large aggregation sizes typical in mass attacks limit the potential of natural selection because each individual has so little effect on the overall plume. Genetic variation in pheromone production could accumulate via mutation and recombination, despite strong effects of the pheromone plume on the fitness of individuals within the aggregation. Thus, aggregation behaviour, by limiting the efficacy of natural selection, can allow the persistence of extreme phenotypes in nature.     

胶州湾环境演变与治理研究

调研了胶州湾近几十年的环境变化,结果主要是水域面积缩小、海岸线变迁、生物资源衰退、水体营养盐结构改变、环境质量下降等.胶州湾的环境现状调查相对滞后或局限于胶州湾的局部区域和个别项目,而不能满足社会经济发展的需要,鉴于胶州湾跨海大桥及海底隧道等大型建设项目的开工建设,亟需对胶州湾整体环境质量进行一次全面的综合调查,从而对近期的胶州湾环境有一个全面的掌握,为环胶州湾经济带的发展提供参考和依据.     

内蒙古河套灌区地下水矿化度的时空变异特征

利用内蒙古河套灌区义长灌域地下水水位、水质资料（1996-2005）,结合地理信息系统（G IS）技术,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法研究灌域10年间地下水矿化度时空变异性。结果表明：1.灌域内地下水矿化度在1996-2005年间呈下降趋势（从1996年的8.5 g/L下降到2005年的约5.3 g/L）,且变异系数不大;2.地下水矿化度的变化受降水、蒸发、地下水位和引黄水量等多种因素的影响,蒸发与地下水矿化度达到极显著相关;3.1996年和2005年两个时期的地下水矿化度的实际变异函数和理论变异函数（球状模型）拟合较好,F检验达到显著水平。Kriging差值结果显示,两个时期矿化度的空间分布差异不甚明显。     

太湖CDOM紫外吸收特性及其分子量时空分布特征

基于2006年8月16日、2007年3月28日对太湖梅梁湾15个样点和2007年11~12月对全湖61个样点的有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数观测数据,对CDOM分子量相对大小的时空差异及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,梅梁湾地区主要富集的是高分子量CDOM,而大太湖地区则较为复杂,北部地区主要是高分子量的CDOM占据主导地位;而在太湖东西部,主要是低分子量的CDOM;南太湖区域,高分子量的CDOM和低分子量的CDOM相对平衡.不同波长范围内CDOM吸收模型的斜率系数(S)值对CDOM的分子组成的敏感性具有一定的差异性,UVR最为敏感,其次是UV-A,再次为UV-B,UV-C最不敏感.梅梁湾CDOM主要影响因素是陆源,陆源影响的强度随季节的变化具有一定的差异,其中8月份最强,其次是3月份,最弱为11月份.     

广州森林大气中VOCs昼夜变化特征及对O_3的影响

挥发性有机物化合物(VOCs)是大气光化学过程的重要前驱物,对大气中的臭氧(O)3有重要影响。文章对广州市花都区王子山森林公园大气中VOCs的昼夜变化特征进行了分析,并且评估了其对大气中O3的相对贡献。共定性和定量了21种VOCs,其中1,2,4-三甲基苯(21.50±32.90)μg/m3、甲基环戊烷(20.40±23.30)μg/m3和异戊二烯(14.90±39.20)μg/m3浓度最高。对于大多数VOCs来说,活性VOCs与相对惰性的VOCs表现出相反的昼夜变化特征,这反映了大气光化学反应对于VOCs的影响。采用Propy-Equiv浓度对大气VOCs对O3的影响评估结果表明,该地区大气VOCs对O3贡献的大小为:烯烃>苯系物>烷烃。     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

“十一五”乌鲁木齐市PM10浓度变化趋势及影响因素分析

对“十一五”乌鲁木齐市PM10浓度变化趋势及影响因素分析,结果表明污染治理措施成效显著,年均浓度和栗暖期浓度值呈下降趋势。但由于综合治理措施不到位,非采暖期浓度值呈上升趋势。     

中小型水电站库区富营养化变化趋势探析——以红岩水电站为例

流域梯级电站开发日益使河流湖库化,特别是建在流域下游的水库尤为明显,湖库富营养化已成为水库的主要生态环境问题,备受中外学者关注。本文通过对红岩水电站库区富营养化程度预测判别,分析了中小型水电站库区蓄水后富营养化变化趋势,提出中小型水电站库区富营养化控制对策,为湖库区水质保护与改善提供参考。