4种湿地植物对人工湿地净化生活污水的影响比较

不同类型人工湿地对生活污水的处理效果,受到许多因素的影响,其中不同植物类型的选择,可能会造成人工湿地对主要污染物COD、TN和TP的净化效果发生很大差异。研究了4种湿地植物（菖蒲、香蒲、千屈菜和水葱）在水平潜流、垂直上行流和下行流人工湿地中对人工合成的生活污水的处理效果和主要污染物（COD、TN和TP）去除率的季节变化,通过比较不同植物类型在不同湿地类型中对主要污染物的去除效果分析了可以达到最佳污水净化效果的启动条件。结果表明：香蒲在垂直下行流湿地去除有机污染物效果最好,去除率可达85.55%;水葱在垂直上行流湿地去除TN效果最好,去除率可达57.52%,香蒲在垂直上行流湿地去除TP效果最好,去除率可达84.28%。     

步入式高低温湿热试验箱技术要求的确定及论证

概述了步入式高低温湿热试验箱的主要技术指标、功能;分析了受试产品工程试验需求;叙述了技术指标及功能的论证确定过程和验收实测结果。供试验同行作技改项目的策划、选型、确定技术指标时参考。为确保试验箱的质量和可靠性,用户采取关键部件定牌和设置设计、验收控制节点的措施是十分有效的。     

大同市地表水“十五”与“九五”期间污染状况比较及原因分析

“十五”期间大同市地表水氨氮、总汞、六价铬、砷等项目比“九五”期间有所恶化，而生化需氧量、化学需氧量、镉等项目有所好转，其它项目变化不大。主要原因是随着经济的发展，排污企业日益增多，因此需要各排污单位增强环保意识，严格管理污水处理设施，杜绝偷排和超标排放现象，加快城市污水处理厂建设步伐。     

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN STORM FLOW VS. DRY WEATHER DISCHARGES IN CALIFORNIA STORM WATER CONVEYANCES1

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated concentration data for selected water quality parameters in selected California urban separate storm sewer systems during storm event discharges and during dry weather conditions. We used existing monitoring data from multiple regulatory agencies and municipalities originally collected for compliance or local characterization, which allowed systematic assessment of seasonal patterns over a wide region. Long term mean concentration for most parameters in most streams was higher during storm discharges than during dry weather flows to at least 95 percent confidence in 20 of 45 comparative evaluations, and lower statistical confidence in 22 other comparisons. Some regional differences emerged: in four evaluated streams in the San Francisco Bay Area, total concentration of lead, copper and zinc were lower during dry weather than during storm flows to at least 99.9 percent confidence, with only one exception; while the other four evaluated California streams showed the same tendency, but to much lower statistical confidence.     

Watershed Management and Organizational Dynamics: Nationwide Findings and Regional Variation

Recent attention has focused on resource management initiatives at the watershed scale with emphasis on collaborative, locally driven, and decentralized institutional arrangements. Existing literature on limited selections of well-established watershed-based organizations has provided valuable insights. The current research extends this focus by including a broad survey of watershed organizations from across the United States as a means to estimate a national portrait. Organizational characteristics include year of formation, membership size and composition, budget, guiding principles, and mechanisms of decision-making. These characteristics and the issue concerns of organizations are expected to vary with respect to location. Because this research focuses on organizations that are place based and stakeholder driven, the forces driving them are expected to differ across regions of the country. On this basis of location, we suggest basic elements for a regional assessment of watershed organizations to channel future research and to better approximate the organizational dynamics, issue concerns, and information needs unique to organizations across the country. At the broadest level, the identification of regional patterns or organizational similarities may facilitate the linkage among organizations to coordinate their actions at the much broader river basin or ecosystem scale.     

Manipulation of nest-box density affects extra-pair paternity in a population of blue tits (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Parus caeruleus</Emphasis>)

We tested the effect of manipulation of breeding density on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in a blue tit (Parus caeruleus) population during two consecutive years. In a homogeneous oak forest, nest-box manipulation provided a high density plot (plot A, 1.10 and 1.32 pairs/ha) and a low density plot (plot B, 0.43 and 0.46 pairs/ha). Microsatellite analysis on 91 broods revealed a higher proportion of extra-pair paternity in broods in plot A (mean of 17.2%) than in plot B (mean of 11.4%). A correlative approach showed that the proportion of extra-pair young in broods was affected by the number of breeding neighbours within 100 m around the nest-box, by the distance to the nearest breeding neighbour and by an additional plot effect. However, the nearest neighbours accounted for only 39.3% of extra-pair paternities and distance to extra-pair fathers was significantly higher than the nearest neighbour distance in both plots. This implies that the effect of density on the occurrence of extra-pair paternities is associated with active female choice to enhance the brood fitness. Although there were more extra-pair young in broods when density was high, the number of extra-pair fathers did not increase and stayed close to one. We suggest that density increases the cost of mate guarding by males, thereby increasing the possibility for females to solicit extra-pair paternities to the cuckolding male they have chosen. Finally, we discuss why correlatives approaches do not always show evidence for an effect of breeding density on extra-pair paternity occurrence.Communicated by M. Soler     

2017年华北平原采暖季和非采暖季道路PM10污染特征和健康风险评估——以济南市为例

由于污染程度较重和其所携带的大量毒性成分,大气颗粒物对人体健康具有重要影响。根据济南市51个道路颗粒物监测点PM₁₀数据,讨论了采暖季和非采暖季道路PM₁₀的浓度水平和健康风险。结果表明：（1）道路PM₁₀的平均浓度是城市背景站点的1.5倍,道路PM₁₀浓度水平主要受车流量和道路施工活动的影响。由于燃煤量的增加,采暖季的PM₁₀平均浓度是非采暖季的1.3倍。（2）从空间变化来看,这些道路站点可以分为三类,其中第二类由于受建筑活动和交通源影响,PM₁₀浓度最高,第一类由于具有绿化带和好的周围环境,PM₁₀浓度最低。（3）从时间变化来看,在非采暖季,周六浓度最高,周二浓度最低;在采暖季,周四浓度最高,周六和周二浓度最低。PM₁₀较高浓度出现在早晚,与交通源密切相关。（4）除了非采暖季PM₁₀对成年人没有健康风险,其他情况下,PM₁₀均有健康风险。     

大亚湾网箱养殖海域大型底栖动物的时空变化

2001年6月～2002年6月,对大亚湾大鹏澳海水鱼类网箱养殖区及其邻近海域(对照区)大型底栖动物和沉积环境按季节进行了周年5个航次的调查.结果表明,网箱养殖严重污染了养殖区沉积环境,沉积物有机碳和硫化物含量(超一类海洋沉积物质量标准)的超标率分别为88%和100%,硫化物含量约是对照区的3倍.大型底栖动物经鉴定有64种,其中优势种(优势度Y≥0.01)有21种,主要是多毛类的梳鳃虫(Terebellidesstroemii)、贝氏岩虫(Marphysabelli)和白色吻沙蚕(Glyceraalba)等,季节更替明显.底栖动物出现种数、生物量和个体数量秋、冬季高于春、夏季;空间分布养殖区明显低于对照区,且养殖区多毛类的生物量组成较对照区占优势.     

基于均生函数的大坝水位安全预测

大坝水位变化特别是汛期水位的剧烈变化不仅会对大坝的安全运营造成很大影响,甚至会威胁到下游和周边居民的生命财产安全,因此必须对大坝的水位进行安全监测。由于大坝的水位受天气和降水的影响明显,具有一定的周期性,因此,利用均生函数周期性记忆的特点,建立时间序列与均生函数之间的回归方程,构造预报模型的方法,能准确预测出水位的变化趋势,对一些变化很大的趋势甚至也能准确预测。该方法在大坝安全预测中的应用不仅能给出先导性信息,也为大坝的安全预测工作提供一种新方法。     

连续型超临界水氧化系统出水酸碱性分流试验研究

在用连续型超临界水氧化设备处理废水时,经常发现系统的净化出水pH值变小、排盐出水pH值变大。为了深入研究并揭示其机理,选择原碱性废水中和水、原酸性废水中和水、弱碱性废水、NaCl水溶液、纯自来水和纯NaOH水溶液6种典型水样进行定量试验。结果表明,连续型超临界水氧化系统存在净化出水和排盐出水pH值变化的现象,即使废水在进入系统前调整为中性(pH=7),反应后依然是净化出水pH7,排盐出水pH7。该现象很可能是由于在超临界状态下原水中无机酸根离子和金属阳离子的结晶盐离解生成了H~+、OH~-,随后各自缔合成酸性和碱性物质。缔合的酸性物质留在超临界水中,并随之从净化水出口排出,降低了出水的pH值;缔合的碱性物质混入盐结晶析出物中,随之在亚临界区溶解并经过排盐口流出,而重新溶解的金属氢氧化物增加了排水的pH值。另外,在超临界水氧化反应器复杂的氧化腐蚀环境下也生成了一定量的OH~-和酸缔合物,它们对改变出水pH值有一定作用。酸根离子极难从超临界水氧化系统中分离,因此对碱性废水要慎重中和,特别要慎重选择酸根离子,最好不要用盐酸中和,这是因为其带入的Cl~-会引起超临界系统内的氯腐和系统净化出水口的酸腐。研究表明,因为存在出水pH值的变化,对超临界水氧化系统出水的纯净程度必须予以重新考虑。