Seasonal Variation in Bacterial Flora of the Wastewater and Soil in the Vicinity of Industrial Area

Environmental pollution is one of the major problems being facedtoday due to the advent of extensive industrialization. Heavy metals are the most important contaminants in wastewater that are present in abundance and are toxic. Heavy metal contentsof sewage in the industrial estate of Aligarh (U.P.) have beendetermined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysisof samples collected from six different locations revealedsignificantly high levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni. Certainbacteriological (Total bacterial count, Total coliform, Fecal coliform, and Fecal Streptococci) parameters of domestic and industrial sewage as well as soils were monitored from March1990 to January 1993. Total bacterial count, total coliform,fecal coliform and fecal streptococci were found to be lowestin all the samples of industrial wastewater compared to thosein domestic sewage and soil systems. The soil however, contained highest total culturable bacterial population. In view of the common practice of the application of sewage to agricultural land in the neighbouring area, the discharge ofindustrial wastewater without proper treatment into public sewers should be strictly prohibited.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASAL SOIL RESPIRATION RATE, TREE STAND AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN BOREAL FORESTS

Soil respiration is considered to represent the overall microbial activity reflecting mineralisation of organic matter in soil. It is the most commonly used biological variable in soil studies. In long-term monitoring of forested areas, there is a need for reference values for soil microbiological variables in different forest ecosystems. In this study we describe the relationship between soil respiration rate, tree stand and humus chemical characteristics of boreal coniferous forests stands. Soil respiration rate was higher in pine dominated than in spruce dominated study sites when the result was calculated on dry matter bases. However, when calculated on area bases, the result was opposite and no difference was found when the soil respiration rate was calculated on organic carbon bases. Irrespective of the main tree species, the soil respiration rate was equal in different development classes but not equal in soil fertility classes, i.e. within forest site types based on differences in ground vegetation. Respiration rates were clearly higher in mesic sites when calculated on dry matter, C_org or area bases. However, soil respiration rate did not correlate with soil chemical variables indicating site fertility. Soil respiration rate on dry matter basis was at a lower level in the south and on more fertile sites, and on the other hand at a higher level in older stands and on sites with a thicker organic layer.     

太原市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节污染特征及来源分析

为探究当前空气质量持续改善背景下重污染地区大气PM_2.5和水溶性无机离子（WSⅡs）的污染特征和季节变化,于2019年在太原市采集了四季PM_2.5样品.结果表明,2019年太原市PM_2.5年均质量浓度为（65.50±30.44）μg·m^-3,水溶性离子浓度的季节特征为：冬季（39.81 μg·m^-3） > 秋季（33.05 μg·m^-3） > 春季（20.50 μg·m^-3） > 夏季（19.62 μg·m^-3）.WSⅡs以二次离子SNA为主,占总离子浓度的76.90%±10.51%,且随着PM_2.5污染加重,SNA的比重显著升高.其中,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-在秋、冬季的浓度最高,这与气态污染物排放增加和二次转化程度的升高（硫氧化率SOR>0.30,氮氧化率NOR>0.10）有关;NH₄⁺、Cl^-和K⁺在冬季的浓度最高,是其他季节的1.2~7.9倍,可能归因于冬季燃煤和生物质燃烧活动的增加;由于春季风速较高,受土壤扬尘的影响,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的比重在春季显著增加为20.2%.春季和夏季为贫氨状态,而秋、冬季为富氨状态,且硝酸盐颗粒物在高湿度条件下的吸湿增长比硫酸盐更为显著.太原市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于二次生成、燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤扬尘.     

民宿价格的空间分异特征及影响因素——以湖北省恩施州为例

民宿区别于传统的酒店,其价格具有独特的空间分布特征和影响因素。以湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州民宿价格为研究对象,基于克里金法和特征价格模型,使用网络抓取的途家网民宿数据,运用ArcGIS 10.5进行插值分析,总结恩施州民宿价格的空间分布特征,并运用SPSS 24进行多元回归分析,构建特征价格模型,分析影响恩施民宿价格的影响因素。研究表明：（1）恩施民宿价格集聚效应明显,呈现“一大两小”的三个价格高值区;（2）民宿内部环境对民宿价格影响最为显著,民宿消费者更加注重其体验感和融入感;（3）省道和景点对民宿价格影响显著,而国道影响较小;（4）不同经营主体对民宿定价有所不同,其中个人房东经营民宿,其定价水平较高。研究结果为民宿选址、定价、空间布局以及旅游体验服务等方面提供参考。     

祁连山东端地表及地下水水化学时空变化特征

于2016~2017年5~9月采集祁连山东端（乌鞘岭、古浪、天祝）的地表水和地下水样品进行水化学分析,综合运用统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法探究了祁连山东端地表水和地下水主要离子组成特征、来源以及时空变化.结果表明,祁连山东端地表水和地下水化学组成中优势阳离子为Ca²⁺和Na⁺,Ca²⁺的平均浓度为76.897mg/L,占比73.89%;Na⁺的浓度为16.592mg/L,占比15.94%.优势阴离子为HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-,HCO₃^-浓度190.117mg/L,占比68.71%;其次是SO₄^2-,平均值为67.565mg/L,占比为24.42%.乌鞘岭河水、地下水,天祝河水、地下水的水化学类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型,古浪河水、地下水水化学类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺型,处于水化学易变区.不同水体离子来源于岩石风化,主要受碳酸盐与硅酸盐风化溶解共同作用控制,人类活动在一定程度上贡献了水体的离子来源.不同水体主要离子浓度的时间变化特征各不相同,整体上大部分水体的离子浓度随时间变化不明显,总体趋势较平缓.     

疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水时空变化特征研究

以疏勒河流域中游绿洲为研究区,借助统计分析法、RS和GIS技术方法,选择1970、1980、1990、2000和2013年疏勒河中游绿洲Landsat TM/ETM影像解译成果作为中游绿洲生态演变研究的基础资料,分析得出各种生态系统覆盖状况.根据疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水特征,建立了基于天然植被、河流、湿地和防治耕地盐碱化的疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水定量化模型,并估算了不同时段不同区域流域中游绿洲生态环境需水量,探讨了疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水时空变化特征,从而为区域水资源合理配置和生态环境协调发展提供参考依据.通过计算得出了疏勒河中游绿洲1970、1980、1990、2000和2013年天然植被、河流基本生态、河流输沙、河流渗漏补给、水面蒸发、湿地生态和防治耕地盐碱化生态环境需水量,同时得出总生态环境需水量分别为17.94×108、7.51×108、6.92×108、6.63×108、5.52×108m3.1970—2013年疏勒河中游绿洲总生态环境需水量呈现逐渐减少趋势,减少了12.42×108m3.1970—2013年疏勒河中游绿洲总生态环境需水量空间变化特征呈现瓜州敦煌玉门,同时各区域生态环境需水量均呈现减少趋势.     

纳米氧化锌对EBPR系统的长期作用机制研究:从宏观到微观

研究了纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)对强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统的长期作用机制,系统分析了EBPR系统在ZnO NPs长期抑制下宏观运行性能与微观结构的变化.结果发现,当进水开始添加ZnO NPs后,系统沉降性能随之降低.厌氧释磷速率与好氧吸磷速率均出现显著降低并降至0 mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以每g MLSS释(吸)P量(mg)计,下同),从而使得系统丧失除磷效果.同时,厌氧段COD开始积累.ZnO NPs浓度增加至10 mg·L~(-1)时,多糖与蛋白质含量在抑制条件下均开始减少.通过高通量技术对微观层面进行分析发现,ZnO NPs将会严重抑制聚磷菌的正常生长.ZnO NPs对系统内不同细菌有截然不同的作用,Proteobacteria门在试验过程中比例减小,而Bacteroidetes门却受到促进作用.恢复阶段,较低浓度(2 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件下,EBPR系统恢复速度与程度均优于高浓度(6、10 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件.然而,即使系统得到一定程度恢复也难以恢复到初始水平.     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

朱溪流域植被覆盖的时空变化及地形分异特征

分析2003~2011年朱溪流域植被覆盖的时空分布状况及其变化的地形响应特征,为该地区进一步治理水土流失和生态恢复工程提供决策支持。基于RS和GIS技术,采用像元二分法模型计算植被覆盖度,通过植被重心模型、地形响应指数表征其植被覆盖的时空变化规律。(1)朱溪流域植被覆盖度整体呈上升趋势,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类的植被覆盖面积比率已达到区域的62.28%;格局动态上,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类重心向东北方向移动,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类重心向西南方向移动,表现为流域植被中、西部改善,东部零散退化的空间格局;(2)在海拔0~300m、坡度小于5°和大于35°区域各等级植被覆盖面积变化最显著,治理措施有效到位,而海拔450~500m处I类植被覆盖面积增加,应引起相关注意。8年间该流域植被覆盖有明显改善,各等级植被覆盖变化在不同地形条件下差异明显。