中国代际降水区域变化差异分析

利用中国气象中心160站点的夏季降水实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化按年代进行了系统分析,并对各地的代际降水量变化趋势进行了区域对比。结果发现,降水变化幅度大的区域主要集中在季风区,而非季风区的年代际降水相对稳定。在多数情况下,以四川为中心的区域的降水量变化与东北的北部一致,东南沿海与渤海湾沿岸区域一致。季风区降水量变化的区域差异,可能既受季风的年代际强弱变化的影响,又受微地形的影响：     

Effects of More Frequent and Prolonged El Niño Events on Life-History Parameters of the Degu, a Long-Lived and Slow-Reproducing Rodent

Abstract:  Global climate change (GCC) can have profound effects on species whose ecology is governed primarily by climatic factors. The ecology of small mammals inhabiting semiarid Chile is strongly affected by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During La Niña events in this area, dry conditions prevail and species may disappear from the thorn-scrub habitat. Conversely, El Niño events bring high rainfall, and associated pulses of food trigger small-mammal population increases. We used capture–mark–recapture to study responses of the degu ( Octodon degus ), a dominant small mammal, to variation in rainfall over 18 years. In response to a recent trend toward wetter conditions, degus reached record-high densities and maintained more stable numbers in the area. Underlying mechanisms involved variation in adult survival, juvenile persistence, and fecundity linked to rainfall changes during consecutive years (i.e., rainfall phases). During prolonged droughts, degus had low survival and produced fewer offspring, with low persistence. Following high rainfall, these parameters reversed; consecutive wet years resulted in further increases. Weak declines in fecundity and adult survival and high persistence of juveniles explained delayed responses to deteriorating conditions in initial dry years. If GCC leads to increased frequency of El Niño events, we anticipate greater numerical dominance of degus in semiarid Chile and possible range expansion. Furthermore, degus have strong impacts on other small mammal and some plant species, are important prey species, and are agricultural pests and disease reservoirs. Hence, GCC has the potential to dramatically influence their ecology in northern Chile and to have cascading effects on other components of this system.     

马鬃岭自然保护区土壤碳蓄积的研究

以金寨马鬃岭自然保护区为研究对象,布置56个采样点,分析该区森林土壤有机碳质量分数时空分布特征和碳储量。结果表明：研究区有机碳含量丰富,随着土壤深度、植被类型、海拔高度的变化而变化。0~20cm土层有机碳质量分数最高为90.88 g·kg-1,平均为32.47 g·kg-1,土壤有机碳质量分数随着深度的增加而递减,表层有机碳变化幅度高于深层土壤,不同测点递减的程度不同;有机碳质量分数随海拔高度的增加呈递增趋势;土壤有机碳质量分数存在明显的季节变化,表层土壤秋季有机碳质量分数最高,冬春季次之,夏季最低,越往表层季节变化越明显。0~20 cm土层有机碳密度平均为6.52 kg.m-2,0~100 cm土层有机碳平均密度为23.26 kg.m-2,有机碳密度分布与有机碳质量分数分布基本一致。0~20 cm土层土壤碳储量为2.258×105~2.265×105 t,0~100 cm土层土壤碳储量为6.91×105~8.76×105 t,碳储量丰富。最后提出该自然保护区封山育林,对温室气体减排意义重大。     

广州市大气气态总汞含量季节和日变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(tekran 2537B),于2010-11~2011-11对广州市大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续1a的观测.结果表明,广州市大气气态总汞的年平均含量为(4.86±1.36)ng/m3,表明该地区受到了一定程度的大气汞污染.TGM浓度按季节表现为:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季.TGM污染呈现春高夏低的现象,气象因素如边界层、静止风是影响其季节分布不同的主要原因.日变化趋势为中午最低,早晚出现2个高峰,边界层和温度对TGM日变化有很大影响.对广州市大气气态汞的可能来源分析结果表明,TGM主要来源于本地人为排放,其中市内燃煤电厂和水泥厂等人为源排放可能是广州市大气气态总汞的主要来源.     

黄山山底大气气溶胶数浓度日变化

利用美国MSP公司生产的宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)于2011年5月至9月在黄山山底(寨西)采集的气溶胶观测数据,分析了黄山山底大气气溶胶数浓度的日变化特征.结果表明晴天气溶胶数浓度日变化特征明显,气溶胶粒子总数浓度在6:00,12:00和18:00达到峰值.人为活动,湍流混合及山谷风是影响黄山山底气溶胶日变化的主要因素.剔除交通污染时段后,气溶胶粒子数平均浓度减少319个/cm3,即减少12.17%.其中,0.01~0.02μm,0.02~0.05μm,0.05~0.1μm,0.1~0.5μm,0.5~1.0μm,1.0~2.5μm粒径段气溶胶粒子数浓度分别降低了31.32%,20.29%,6.59%,7.49%,1.23%,2.51%.机动车尾气排放对0.01~0.05μm粒径段气溶胶的影响最明显,其气溶胶浓度降低百分比为25.81%.     

Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter of Athens,Greece

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) are chemical species of proven mutant and carcinogenic activity. In this study, the concentrations of seven different N-PAHs [2-nitronaphthalene (2N-NAP), 2-nitroflourene (2N-FLU), 2-nitroflouranthene (2N-FLA), 3-nitroflouranthene (3N-FLA), 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR) and 2-nitropyrene (2N-PYR)] were determined in two fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from the atmosphere of Athens: coarse (2.4 μm?10 μm ) and fine (<2.4 μm ). 3N-FLA was not detected, whereas 1N-PYR, mostly originating from emissions from burning fuel, showed the maximum observed concentrations for both fractions and for the whole experimental period (especially during winter). In addition, 2N-FLA, a secondary nitro-PAH produced by photochemical reactions, showed relatively high values. Analysis of statistical data for N-PAH concentrations, using clustering technique, showed that: (1) 1N-NAP, 2N-FLU and 1N-PYR are mainly produced by direct burning; and (2) photochemical reactions are the dominant sources of 2N-NAP, 2N-PYR and 2N-FLA.     

Spatial Variations of Heavy Metals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf Surface Sediments

Surface sediments collected from continental shelf of the East China Sea were analyzed for heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium), carbonate, organic carbon contents, and grain sizes. the range of concentrations observed were iron: 0.3-1.3 wt%, manganese: 2.3-14 μmole/g, copper: 7.1-184 μmole/g, zinc: 0.16-0.77μmiole/g, lead: 15-98 μmole/g, cadmium: 0.17-3.9 μmole/g, carbonate: 3.6-87 wt%, sand: 10-100%, silt: 0-70% and clay: 0-50%.

A zonal distribution pattern of the heavy metals was found in the East China Sea Continental shelf sediments. High concentrations of most heavy metals, organic carbon and fine-grained sediments were observed in the inner shelf zone, especially those near the discharge of the Yangtze River. Concentrations of these heavy metals decreased from the inner shelf to the shelf break region. High concentrations of metals were also found in sediments near Taiwan. Iron concentrations decreased north-east of the central shelf region. High concentrations of cadmium were found in the shelf break region where biogenic carbonate is predominant. This study showed that biogenic carbonate in the East China Sea shelf break region and the terrigenous sediments from the Yangtze River and island of Taiwan were the major sources of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations were strongly influenced by the content of the coarse-grained quartz sand present in the sediments.     

Total petroleum hydrocarbon burden in fish tissues from the Arabian Gulf

The levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and lipid contents have been reported for eight commercially important fish species from the Arabian Gulf. GC-FID has been used as quantification technique. Out of the species analyzed, Scarus ghabon showed the highest level of TPH (7.4 ± 3.2 µg g^?1) in the muscle tissue followed by Epinephelus tauvina (6.8 ± 3.6 µg g^?1). Except for E. microdon (4.8 ± 2.1 µg g^?1), all other fish species showed a similar level of TPH concentration. Significant correlations were obtained between lipid contents and TPH levels in the muscles of the fish. Body weight of the fish was also found to be strongly correlated with TPH concentration in the muscle tissue. There is a tendency of accumulating higher TPH in the winter season as compared to in the summer season.     

宁夏六盘山8种木本植被的叶片水分利用效率

为了解宁夏六盘山地区主要树种的叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的种间和水分生境差异及季节变化,2010年6-9月份在宁夏六盘山具有半湿润气候和较多树种的香水河小流域和具有半干旱气候及较少树种的叠叠沟小流域,选择8个主要树种测定其叶片的 WUE。结果表明,（1）在香水河小流域,树种叶片 WUE 大小排序为油松 Pinus tablaeformis＞山桃 Prunus davidiana＞沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides＞辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis＞华北落叶松Larix principris-rupprechtii＞华山松Pinus armandii＞少脉椴Tilia paucicostata＞白桦Betula platyphylla;在不同生活型之间,叶片WUE的大小排序基本上呈现出灌木＞小乔木＞常绿针叶树＞落叶针叶树＞落叶阔叶树的变化规律;所有8个测试树种的叶片WUE的季节变化均为生长季初期较高,在中后期持续降低,但季节变幅随树种而异。（2）对2个小流域共有的测试树种（华北落叶松、山桃和沙棘）的叶片WUE进行了比较,结果表明存在着明显的水分生境差异,即在半干旱区极显著（p＜0.01）大于半湿润区,前者为后者的2.03倍以上。（3）对于沙棘、山桃、油松和华北落叶松,它们在较干旱气候类型立地和较干旱季节条件下都具有较高的叶片WUE,属抗旱能力较强的生态型节水树种,可选为干旱缺水区主要造林树种。此外,树种叶片WUE同时具有保守性和变异性,说明可采取适度抗旱锻炼来在一定范围内提高造林树种的WUE。