联苯菊酯在棉花和土壤中的残留和降解行为研究

为了评价为联苯菊酯在棉花上使用的安全性,于2010—2011年在济南、杭州两地采用田间试验和气相分析方法研究了联苯菊酯在棉叶、棉籽及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。联苯菊酯在棉叶和土壤中的降解行为均符合一级降解动力学方程,其降解半衰期分别为4.2-6.7、10.6-16.0 d。联苯菊酯在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留质量分数均小于最低检出限0.01 mg.kg-1,低于联苯菊酯在棉花上的最高残留限量（MRL）0.5 mg.kg-1。建议10%联苯菊酯可溶液剂防治棉花蚜虫,用药次数1-2次,使用剂量是9-18 aig.hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期14 d。     

1,4-二氯苯对小白菜种子萌发和幼苗的毒性

采用室内模拟染毒法,研究1,4-DCB(1,4-二氯苯)对3种小白菜种子(矮青6号、上海青和秦白2号)萌发和蔬菜幼苗的毒性作用. 结果表明:1,4-DCB作用后,3种小白菜种子的发芽势、种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均降低,并呈现一定的剂量-效应关系;种子受1,4-DCB胁迫后,小白菜幼苗的根和苗生长都受到了抑制,根长和苗高降低,根苗比显著下降;随着ρ(1,4-DCB)的升高,受胁迫后的幼苗叶片的w(游离脯氨酸)呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而MDA(丙二醛)含量逐渐升高,与ρ(1,4-DCB)呈正相关;幼苗叶片SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性在ρ(1,4-DCB)为5 mg/L时升高,在ρ(1,4-DCB)为10和50 mg/L时明显降低;与对照组相比,各处理组幼苗叶片POD(过氧化物酶)活性均升高,但是ρ(1,4-DCB)为50mg/L时酶活性比ρ(1,4-DCB)为10 mg/L时下降. 表明水体中1,4-DCB污染对蔬菜种子萌发和幼苗生长产生毒性,其毒性机制与膜脂质过氧化有关.      

活性炭辅助微波热解污泥反应条件的试验研究

针对微波不能直接实现原污水污泥高温热解的问题,采用活性炭作为微波能吸收物质辅助污泥热解。对影响污泥热解效能的3个主要因素：污泥样品量、活性炭掺杂量和微波辐射功率,各做了3个水平的考察,得到了试验条件下的最优方案：污泥样品量30g、活性炭掺杂量6g、微波辐射功率1200W。结果表明：在最优试验方案下,污泥能在7min内升至920℃的高温,实现污泥快速、高效热解。通过分析3个因素对污泥热解效能的影响,进一步对最优试验方案下的固体产物吸收微波的性能及用其作为掺杂物辅助微波热解污水污泥的可行性进行了研究,结果表明：固体残渣吸收微波性能良好,可以代替活性炭作为更经济、高效的污泥微波热解辅助材料。     

Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in Taihu Lake wetland, China

As a major ecosystem type, wetland provides invaluable ecological services. Environmental pollution, especially pesticides pollution should be paid more attention to keep wetlands healthy. Based on the risk quotient method, coupled with a probabilistic risk assessment model, this paper proposed a methodology suitable for ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues for wetland ecosystems. As an important industrializing and ecologically vulnerable area in China, the Taihu Lake wetland was chosen for the case study. The risks of eight pesticides in Taihu Lake wetland were assessed, as single substances and in mixtures. The assessment indicates that risks of the representative species are not significant. In general, the herbicide is found to be more toxic for algae, whereas insecticides pose more risks to zooplankton, insect and fish. For each pesticide in the wetland, the ecological risk it poses is acceptable. But the combined ecological risk posed by mixture can harm more than 10% of species of the wetland ecosystem, mainly dominated by dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion contributions. These results imply that pesticide residues have been posing pressures on the ecosystem of the Taihu Lake wetland. It is recommended that proper countermeasures should be implemented to reduce the risks.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

固氮菌与氮配施对生菜及油菜产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了固氮菌(M)与氮(N)配施对生菜、油菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施加固氮菌(M2)后,生菜、油菜的鲜重和干重较之不加固氮菌(M1)有显著增加趋势,生菜、油菜的Vc含量分别提高4.2%~18.6%、17.6%~35.0%,还原糖含量分别提高17.6%~35.0%、6.7%~41.3%,硝酸盐含量分别降低40.5%~57.2%、22.8%~40.8%.在所有处理中,处理M2N3的两种蔬菜产量最高,品质最好.研究可为固氮菌肥的合理有效施用、氮肥的优化配比及叶菜类蔬菜高产优质的生物调控提供理论依据.图1表3参13     

自然降雨下蔬菜地土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征

为探究自然降雨下露天蔬菜地土壤侵蚀及氮素养分流失特征,基于径流小区原位观测试验,设置叶菜类和果菜类这2种处理,测定次降雨下不同类型蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其氮素(铵态氮和硝态氮)流失量,探讨露天蔬菜种植坡面土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征及影响因素.结果表明：(1)果菜类(茄子-辣椒)蔬菜地的地表径流、侵蚀量及铵态氮、硝态氮流失量显著高于叶菜类(油麦菜-红薯叶),是后者的1.27～2.00倍.不同处理下第二季蔬菜坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其铵态氮和硝态氮流失占总流失量的50.86%～68.83%,是第一季蔬菜的1.03～2.04倍.蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其氮素流失集中在6月和7月,地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中氮素主要以地表径流中的硝态氮形式流失.(2)次降雨下,不同处理蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其养分流失在蔬菜生长期内呈波动变化,且流失量主要集中在几场典型降雨.整体上不同处理下第一季蔬菜地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中硝态氮和铵态氮流失量及含量低于第二季蔬菜,果菜类地表径流、侵蚀量及铵态氮、硝态氮流失量高于叶菜类.(3)蔬菜地坡面地表径流、侵蚀及其铵态氮和硝态氮流失量与降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度等降雨参数呈极...     

Vegetable fibres from agricultural residues as thermo-mechanical reinforcement in recycled polypropylene-based green foams

Novel lightweight composite foams based on recycled polypropylene reinforced with cellulosic fibres obtained from agricultural residues were prepared and characterized. These composites, initially prepared by melt-mixing recycled polypropylene with variable fibre concentrations (10-25 wt.%), were foamed by high-pressure CO₂ dissolution, a clean process which avoids the use of chemical blowing agents. With the aim of studying the influence of the fibre characteristics on the resultant foams, two chemical treatments were applied to the barley straw in order to increase the α-cellulose content of the fibres. The chemical composition, morphology and thermal stability of the fibres and composites were analyzed. Results indicate that fibre chemical treatment and later foaming of the composites resulted in foams with characteristic closed-cell microcellular structures, their specific storage modulus significantly increasing due to the higher stiffness of the fibres. The addition of the fibres also resulted in an increase in the glass transition temperature of PP in both the solid composites and more significantly in the foams.     

农药残留速测技术研究进展

本文综述了国内外农药快速检测技术的研究状况。在速测技术中 ,色 -质联用分析法已发展得比较成熟 ,所得结果比较可靠 ,但该法的测定时间仍较长 ;免疫分析法具有简单、快速、价廉、特异性高、需样品量少等优点 ;生物传感器法更方便、快捷。