植被恢复对侵蚀型红壤碳吸存及活性有机碳的影响

依托江西水土保持生态科技园,研究了侵蚀型红壤退化裸地恢复为百喜草地、柑橘果园和湿地松林后,0~100 cm深度范围内不同土层(0~10、>10~20、>20~40、>40~70和>70~100 cm)中w(TOC)(TOC为总有机碳)以及表层(0~40 cm)土壤中活性有机碳组分含量的变化. 结果表明:①退化裸地土壤中w(TOC)和有机碳库储量分别仅为4.73 g/kg和48.41 t/hm2,均处于较低水平,w(TOC)的垂直分布特征也不明显;恢复为百喜草地和柑橘园后,w(TOC)分别增至7.08和7.69 g/kg,有机碳库储量分别增至55.09和70.78 t/hm2,并且植被恢复对表层土壤中w(TOC)影响显著,而对深层(>40 cm)土壤影响有限. ②以退化裸地为对照,百喜草地和柑橘果园土壤碳吸存量分别为6.68和22.36 t/hm2,平均碳吸存速率分别为0.51和1.72 t/(hm2·a);以保存较好的湿地松林为参照,退化裸地、百喜草地和柑橘果园土壤碳吸存潜力分别为23.71、17.03和1.34 t/hm2,说明严重侵蚀地的碳吸存潜力巨大. ③侵蚀型红壤退化裸地的植被恢复可积极促进表层土壤中DOC(水溶性有机碳)、MBC(微生物生物量碳)和POC(颗粒有机碳)的积累,同时该影响存在表聚效应,即植被恢复后土壤表层中活性有机碳组分含量在w(TOC)中所占比例增大.      

半干旱黄土区自然恢复与人工造林恢复植被群落对比研究

为研究半干旱黄土区高效植被恢复途径,选取陕西省吴起县境内的合沟封禁流域和柴沟人工造林流域为研究区,在两流域内,沿顺坡和横坡方向,选择一系列20 m×20 m的样地,各组成2条样带。在每个样地内的对角线交点和对角线四分之一处选取5个样方进行植被调查,草本样方和乔灌样方的尺寸分别为1 m×1 m和5 m×5 m。共获得草本样方185个、乔灌木样方80个,其中,合沟封禁流域105个,均为草本样方,柴沟人工造林流域草本样方与乔灌样方各80个。运用植物生态学和植物群落学方法,调查各样方内的植物种类、株数、株高、盖度、地上生物量以及树木基茎、树高、冠幅等植被群落特征指标,并在此基础上对两流域的植被群落特征进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）两流域的植被种类共61种,其中柴沟人工造林流域46种,合沟封禁流域51种,共存物种36种;（2）经过10年生态恢复,柴沟人工造林流域已形成乔-灌-草群落,合沟封禁流域仍为草本群落,且两流域草本群落均以铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.）和茭蒿（Artemisiagiraldii Pamp.）为主要建群种;（3）柴沟人工造林流域的植被盖度、平均高、生物量均明显高于合沟封禁流域的相应指标。两流域植物群落Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数差异较小,Sorensen指数为0.742,主要草本植物种的指标差异不显著。以上特征反映出,在半干旱黄土区,适宜的人工造林可加速该区植被恢复的进程。     

DEFINING WATERSHED-SCALE EVAPORATION USING A NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX1

Monthly composites of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI), derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVILRR), were transformed linearly into monthly evaporation rates and compared with detailed hydrologic-model simulation results for five watersheds across the United States. Model-simulated monthly evaporation values showed high correlations (mean R²= .77) with NDVI-derived evaporation estimates. These latter estimates, used in a classical water balance model, resulted in equally accurate simulations of monthly runoff than when the model was run to estimate monthly evaporation via soil moisture accounting. Comparison of NDVI-derived evaporation estimates with pan data showed promise for transforming NDVI values into evaporation estimates under both wet and water-limiting conditions without resorting to the application of any kind of calibrated hydrologic models.     

不同植被恢复模式下土壤微生物及酶活性的比较--以嘉陵江上游地区为例

研究了嘉陵江上游退耕还林区内5种植被恢复模式下土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质。结果表明：①5种植被恢复模式土壤微生物数量、酶活性以及有机质、全氮含量等均明显高于无植被对照;②不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物总数：火烧迹地灌丛﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松×刺槐混交林﹥青冈林﹥湿地松﹥对照地;③不同植被恢复模式下土壤酶活性不同,表层土壤脲酶活性：火烧迹地灌丛﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松﹥混交林﹥对照地,蔗糖酶（转化酶）：火烧迹地灌丛﹥湿地松﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥混交林﹥对照地,过氧化氢酶活性各林分间变化不明显。     

Estimating the Unknown Components of Nutrient Mass Balances for Forestry Plantations in Mine Rehabilitation, Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia

Commercial forestry plantations as a postmining land use in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales, Australia are restricted by both the poor nutrient availability of mining substrates and low regional rainfall. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether municipal waste products and saline groundwater from coal mining operations could improve early tree growth without impacting on the environment through salt accumulation and/or nutrient enrichment and changes in groundwater quality. Potential impacts were investigated by quantifying the nutrient cycling dynamics within the plantation using an input–output mass balance approach for exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺), exchangeable magnesium (Mg²⁺), exchangeable potassium (K⁺), exchangeable sodium (Na⁺), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Measured inputs to and outputs from the available nutrient pool in the 0–30 cm of the overburden subsystem were used to estimate the net effect of unmeasured inputs and outputs (termed “residuals”). Residual values in the mass balance of the irrigated treatments demonstrated large leaching losses of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Between 96% and 103% of Na applied in saline mine-water irrigation was leached below the 0–30-cm soil profile zone. The fate of these salts beyond 30 cm is unknown, but results suggest that irrigation with saline mine water had minimal impact on the substrate to 30 cm over the first 2 years since plantation establishment. Accumulations of N and P were detected for the substrate amendments, suggesting that organic amendments (particularly compost) retained the applied nutrients with very little associated losses, particularly through leaching.     

市场化推进农村河流环境整治探究

农村河流环境污染的经济本质是由于环境“公共物品”属性导致其使用的外部环境不经济,本文把环境问题与经济研究接轨,设计了四种市场化利用模式,把河流厦相关公共物品“特定产权”明晰化,环保责任由政府承包转移到企业或个人,使责任明确化,从而有效对农村河流环境进行长效管理。最后以扬州市汉留镇河道清淤、保洁的市场化做实证分析。     

2001-2005年新疆植被覆盖动态变化及原因分析

利用2001-2005年新疆归一化植被指数NDVI,得出该时间段新疆植被覆盖整体呈增加趋势,但局部有退化现象.对2001 - 2005年植被覆盖变化原因进行了分析,阐明降水是新疆植被覆盖变化的主要驱动因子之一.     

岩溶脆弱环境下贵阳盆地土壤和植被的保护

从贵阳市岩溶脆弱环境下的气候条件、地形地貌、地层岩性、水文地质条件等方面,调查分析母岩与土壤及植被的关系,讨论各种因素对植被生长及环境保护的影响,提出了岩溶脆弱环境下不同土层中适宜生长的植被类型及相应保护措施,有利于贵阳市区的生态环境保护和可持续发展。     

鄱阳湖湿地植被的生物多样性及其保护和利用

鄱阳湖是我国最大的天然淡水湖泊，湖区湿地面积２６９８ｋｍ＾２，是我国湿地生态系统中植物资源及植被类型最丰富的地区之一。该处分布高等植物７５科２００余属３５０余种，湿地植被依其生态环境和群落特征可划分为水生群落、沼泽、草甸、沙洲４类型６０余个群系，保护与合理地持续利用这些植物群落是有效的保护和发展鄱阳湖湿地生态环境的根本途径。为些就切实制定鄱阳湖湿地总体规划，建立包括整个湖区面积在内的湿地生态系统自     

雅砻江流域生长季植被时空变化特征及对气象因子的响应分析

在全球气候变化背景下,开展植被变化对气象因子的响应研究对流域生态环境保护和水土资源合理利用具有重要的现实意义.以雅砻江流域为研究区,基于1982—2015年GIMMS NDVI数据,首先采用多种数理统计方法揭示生长季NDVI的时空变化特征,基于滞后相关系数法分析NDVI对气象因子的时滞效应,在此基础上建立各像元NDVI...