Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer’s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of water-saving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bio-economic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer’s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer’s welfare.     

基于MODIS的鄱阳湖湿地植被变化及其对水位的响应研究

针对鄱阳湖水情变化如何影响湖区湿地植被生长过程的问题,在鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内的蚌湖-吴城生态断面上,选取3个梯度分布MODIS像元样点,基于2001~2010年MODIS 增强型植被指数（EVI）时间序列,分析了近10 a来退水期植被生长动态变化过程;结合星子站水位资料,探讨了鄱阳湖退水期水位变化对湿地植被生长的影响。结果表明：各样点EVI年内均值表现为先上升后下降的单峰特征,多年平均值在10月份最大,高程越高的样点其EVI达到年最大值的时间越早;不同水位持续长短及其起讫时期影响植被的生长变化,EVI均值与生长期的拟合优度（075）高于最大值与生长期的拟合优度（049）;样点每提前出露10 d,EVI均值约升高002,[JP3]二者相关性R2达到055。研究结果对湖区植被资源管理以及湖泊水位调控效应研究等具有积极的参考意义     

Ecophysiological Competence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus alba</Emphasis> L., <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus angustifolia</Emphasis> Vahl., and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crataegus monogyna</Emphasis> Jacq. Used in Plantations for the Recovery of Riparian Vegetation

In many semi-arid environments of Mediterranean ecosystems, white poplar (Populus alba L.) is the dominant riparian tree and has been used to recover degraded areas, together with other native species, such as ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). We addressed three main objectives: (1) to gain an improved understanding of some specific relationships between environmental parameters and leaf-level physiological factors in these riparian forest species, (2) to compare the leaf-level physiology of these riparian species to each other, and (3) to compare leaf-level responses within native riparian plots to adjacent restoration plots, in order to evaluate the competence of the plants used for the recovery of those degraded areas. We found significant differences in physiological performance between mature and young white poplars in the natural stand and among planted species. The net assimilation and transpiration rates, diameter, and height of white poplar plants were superior to those of ash and hawthorn. Ash and hawthorn showed higher water use efficiency than white poplar. White poplar also showed higher levels of stomatal conductance, behaving as a fast-growing, water-consuming species with a more active gas exchange and ecophysiological competence than the other species used for restoration purposes. In the restoration zones, the planted white poplars had higher rates of net assimilation and water use efficiency than the mature trees in the natural stand. We propose the use of white poplar for the rapid restoration of riparian vegetation in semi-arid Mediterranean environments. Ash and hawthorn can also play a role as accompanying species for the purpose of biodiversity.     

EQUILIBRIUM EVAPORATION AND POSITWE EVAPORATION-SURFACE TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS A GRASSLAND1

Sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, soil moisture (SM) and surface temperatures (T_s) were analyzed from seven sites at FIFE to evaluate relationships among the spatial variability of evaporative fraction, EF, SM, and the diurnal surface temperature range (T_dr). Intersite correlations between EF and T_dr were significantly negative for regional average soil moisture SM_r < 20 percent, insignificant for 20 < SM_r < 27 percent, and slightly positive for SM_r > 27 percent. Statistical analysis of the pooled correlation coefficient between EF and T_dr for SM_r < 20 percent indicates that it is less than zero at a very high level of significance, while the pooled correlation coefficient for regional SM_r > 27 percent is greater than zero at the 10 percent level. The positive EF:T_dr correlations are attributed to increased surface vapor pressure at warmer sites under nearly potential conditions. These results suggest that to characterize the spatial variability of the energy budget partitioning, a variable representing the thermal response of the site should be included. An important application of these findings relates to modeling the subgrid variability of a region by subdividing the region into a few classes within which surface variables and parameters are assumed invariant. The thermal response of the surface should be included as a variable in defining these classes.     

Comparative Assessment of the Level of Plant Cover Synanthropization in Specially Protected Areas

Tendencies in plant cover synanthropization depending on the pattern and intensity of anthropogenic impacts on natural complexes have been revealed in specially protected areas of different classes (a nature reserve and a nature park).     

Prospects for Restoring the Biodiversity of Steppe Vegetation: Sowing of Perennial Grasses

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

基于RS和GIS的河北省生物丰度和植被覆盖度归一化系数研究

利用河北省生态环境十年变化（2000—2010）遥感调查与评估项目2010年土地利用类型数据,计算河北省2010年省级生物丰度和植被覆盖指数归一化系数,并对各县市的归一化系数进行分析和研究,绘制2010年河北省生物丰度和植被覆盖指数等级图,清晰反映出全省的区域分布特征,为河北省生态环境影响评价研究提供技术支撑。     

基于RS和GIS的赤水河流域植被覆盖度与各地形因子的相关强度研究

以赤水河流域为研究区域,综合运用遥感和GIS技术,用TM遥感影像反演植被覆盖度,用数字高程模型(DEM)提取地形因子并进行子流域的划分与构建;首先借助空间叠加分析,研究了区内植被覆盖度分别随高程、坡度及坡向变化的规律;然后从数理统计的角度分析区内不同植被覆盖度与地形等级因子的相关性,并就相关强度进行排序。研究表明:1、在赤水河流域,中度以上植被覆盖度与坡度、高程与之间,并不是单一的正比关系,其随坡度和高程的增加而先增加后减小,存在着临界坡度区间和临界高程区间。2、不同植被覆盖度下各地形因子的影响程度明显不同。对各级植被覆盖,坡度和坡向对其的影响都明显高于高程;中度植被覆盖受坡向影响较为显著,但随着植被覆盖度的增高坡度的影响越来越显著。该研究对喀斯特区域生态环境的评价和改良具有重要参考价值,同时也为喀斯特地区的植被保护和石漠化防治提供决策依据。     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物叶片及枯落物的生态化学计量学特征研究

以黄土高原纸坊沟流域3种不同植物类型(乔、灌、草)下优势物种的叶片及其枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、NP限制率以及营养元素的回流关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑.结果表明,不同植物类型叶片碳氮磷含量变化较小,钾含量变化较大,表现为草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木与灌木;叶片在凋落前将大量的养分转移至其它器官,防止养分的流失,使得枯落物碳氮磷钾含量均小于叶片.碳、氮、磷、钾的回流率分别为6.16%~22.84%、24.38%~65.18%、22.38%~77.16%、60.99%~89.35%,其中碳、磷、钾的回流率以草本最大,磷的回流率以灌木最大.乔木与灌木叶片与枯落物N∶P、N∶K、C∶N比差异不显著,草本植物差异显著.植物叶片N∶P比变化范围为12.14~19.17,叶片枯落物N∶P比变化范围为12.84~30.67.通常将N∶P比为16作为评价植物生长受氮或者磷限制的临界值,不同植物类型叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(19.17)乔木(15)草本(12.14),说明该区灌木主要受磷含量的限制,草本植物主要受氮含量限制,乔木主要受氮磷含量共同限制.叶片钾含量与N∶P呈极显著的负相关,枯落物钾含量与C∶P比呈极显著的负相关.综合研究表明,该区3种植物类型碳氮磷含量无差异,钾含量差异显著,叶片碳氮磷钾回流率较大,不同植物类型受氮与磷限制作用不一致植物在生长演替阶段对氮磷等元素的累积与回归表现出一定的特异性.     

石漠化山地植被恢复过程土壤团聚体氮分布及与氮素矿化关系研究

为阐明岩溶石漠化区植被恢复对土壤氮素积累与供应的影响,分析了土壤各级团聚体不同形态氮库分配特征以及团聚体氮库与土壤氮素矿化之间的关系.结果表明:1各样地土壤团聚体全氮、轻组氮、碱解氮、矿质氮含量基本上随团聚体粒径减小而升高,峰值出现在0.25 mm粒径.除矿质氮外,各种氮形态在不同样地之间,总体上表现为弃耕地草地灌丛地灌乔林地乔木林地、人工金银花地人工林地.2各粒径团聚体有机氮库容量受团聚体粒径质量分数控制,其中5~10mm、2~5 mm粒径团聚体有机氮库容量较大,土壤氮主要贮存于大团聚体中,大团聚体对土壤碳、氮的贮存有重要意义.3团聚体全氮贮量中,0.25~1 mm、5~10 mm、2~5 mm粒径对土壤净氮矿化量贡献大,其它粒径贡献较小.随植被恢复进程,土壤中5 mm粒径团聚体质量分数逐渐提高,大团聚体氮贮量相应提高,在增强土壤供氮能力的同时,加强了对有机氮的贮存与保护.