Vegetation monitoring in South-Varanger, Norway – species composition of ground vegetation and its relation to environmental variables and pollution impact

The area along the Norwegian-Russian border is threatened by air pollution from emission sources on the Kola Peninsula. A permanent network of 78 systematically chosen monitoring sites has been established in eastern Finnmark, Norway. Species abundance data from the ground vegetation have been recorded from 1320 systematically chosen permanent plots inside 66 of these sites, using frequency in subplots and visual estimates of percentage cover. Environmental variables were obtained for the whole site. Multivariate data analysis has been used to describe the variation in the species composition and to study its relation to environmental variables and pollution impact. The analyses show that much of the variation in the species composition, based on average species abundance at the sites, is well explained by different soil and climatic conditions. However, estimated SO₂ deposition, Ni, and Cu in the soil, and Ni in Cladina tissue have also been found to be statistically significantly correlated with the variation in the species data, but they explain only a minor part of the variation. The pollution impact over several years may have lead to a reduced lichen cover in the bottom-layer vegetation. Further development in an either negative or positive direction can be detected by re-investigations of the monitoring sites.     

2000～2020年中国典型经济区PM2.5时空变化及其与植被景观格局的关系

探究典型经济区PM_2.5时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局的关系,对区域PM_2.5污染治理和大气环境保护具有重要意义.基于PM_2.5数据和MODIS NDVI数据集,采用像元二分模型、 Getis-Ord G^*_i分析、 Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、 Mann-Kendall检验、皮尔逊相关分析和复相关分析等方法,探究中国三大经济区PM_2.5空间聚集性、时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局指数的相关性.结果表明,2000～2020年环渤海地区PM_2.5主要表现为热点区扩张,冷点区缩减;长江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区面积占比无显著变化;珠江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区均发生扩张.2000～2020年三大经济区PM_2.5整体表现为下降趋势,改善程度由高到低依次是：珠江三角洲地区、长江三角洲地区和环渤海地区.2000～2020年三大经济区不同植被覆盖度等级下PM_2.5均表现为下降趋势,三大经济区PM<...     

崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.     

上海市生态用地属性与空气负离子浓度的关联性

空气负离子具有杀菌、降尘、清洁空气的功效,能够表征环境空气的清洁度.为探明上海市生态用地空气负离子浓度的分布特征,便于人们休闲游憩,选择24个上海市生态核查样区,在植被最为茂盛的夏季进行空气离子浓度监测(离子迁移率为0.4 cm2/(V· s)),共获得正、负离子现场监测数据各21 600个,研究生态用地属性与空气负离子浓度的关系.结果表明:外环以内生态用地负离子浓度总体低于外环以外,内陆地区总体低于临海地区,上海植物园最低,海湾森林公园最高;除东平森林公园外,其他生态用地空气负离子浓度均大于正离子浓度;市区的共青森林公园、世纪公园,郊区的余山森林公园、金山岛自然保护区等8个样区CI均大于1,空气清洁度为A,最清洁;负离子浓度与植被覆盖度、LAI总体没有明显相关性,但在同一样区3个样方植被覆盖度相差大于等于0.10或LAI相差大于等于1的地区,负离子与植被覆盖度、LAI呈正相关性;负离子与温度呈负相关,不具备显著性,与相对湿度呈明显的正相关性.     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

基于熵权的黄河流域生态环境演变特征

基于系统论和信息熵理论,对黄河流域1980~2019年重要生态环境指标数据进行熵权分析,结果表明,各项指标的熵权存在随时间序列的动态变化,单一年度的指标权重结构随时间变化不断调整,各项指标在系统中的重要性非恒定.在此基础上,计算得到近40a黄河流域的环境发展指数（EDI）,EDI范围为56.64~76.60.1980~2019年黄河流域EDI总体呈现“稳定-增长”的变化趋势,2003年显著增长,之后EDI持续上升.经过多年的保护与治理,黄河流域生态环境负反馈效应正在显现,系统逐步由混乱无序向稳定有序发展,黄河流域生态环境整体向好.     

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区3种典型植被类型水源涵养功能研究

通过对四姑娘山自然保护区四川红杉林、岷江冷杉林、中国沙棘林3种典型植被类型林下枯落物的实验分析,四姑娘山自然保护区内四川红杉林、岷江冷杉林、中国沙棘林林下枯落物数量、持水能力要高于一般的针叶林和阔叶林,四川红杉林、岷江冷杉林、中国沙棘林林下枯落物最大持水率差异不显著(P=0.080)。LSD多重比较结果可知,中国沙棘林最大持水率显著高于岷江冷杉林、四川红杉林,而岷江冷杉林、四川红杉林间最大持水率差异不显著。     

城市景观水体的污染控制和修复技术

分析了城市景观水体的特点及其水质污染状况,表明景观水体处理的必要性和迫切性。综述近年来景观水体的污染控制和修复技术及其机理。提出城市景观水体污染控制的关键应将污水处理的常规生物处理技术与生态处理技术有效结合,以合乎城市生态建设的要求。     

Physical Strain and Work Ergonomics in Farmers with Disabilities

In agriculture, occupational injuries are common, and several of them lead to permanent physical disability. The objective of this case study was to assess the strain and the ergonomic needs of four farmers (aged 34–49 years) with physical disabilities. A maximal bicycle ergometer test or an arm-crank test was done to assess their maximal heart rate (HR _max) and maximal oxygen consumption (V0_2max). The strain at work was analyzed by measuring heart rate (HR), muscle activity (EMG), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The farmers were interviewed as to possible and impossible work tasks and the ergonomic redesign measures taken to improve the work environment. The work tasks performed were mainly light or moderate work for the cardiorespiratory system according to mean HR (88-102 beats/min), the percentage of HR range (17–31% HRR), and the relative V0₂ (22–46% V0_2max). The mean activity of the trapezius muscles was 0.4-9% of the maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). All the participants had work tasks they were unable to perform. They had made ergonomie redesign changes mainly to the tractor. This case study showed that some agricultural work tasks were possible for farmers with physical disabilities and that the physical strain associated with these tasks was mainly light or moderate.     

Effects of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Astacus astacus</Emphasis> L. Population on Biomass of Macrophytes in a Fresh Water Body

In experiments performed in aquariums, the daily consumption of Chara vulgaris alga by crayfish (Astacus astacus L.) has been determined. These quantitative data have been used to make a prognosis of the effect of the A. astacus population on the biomass of macrophytes in Lake Berezovo (Pskov oblast). The density of the crayfish population and the biomass of higher aquatic vegetation in the lake have been determined in field studies. Extrapolation of the results of laboratory experiments to a natural water body has shown that crayfish are capable of controlling no less than 40% of submersed macrophytes in the area used by their population.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 300–305.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kholodkevich, Shumilova, Fedotov, Zhuravlev.