不同植被恢复模式对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水分生态效应的影响

研究了渭北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区内侧柏、荆条、20年刺槐、4年刺槐、4年苜蓿、农地不同植被恢复模式土壤水分生态效应,结果表明:不同的植被恢复模式土壤容重均低于对照农田,减小幅度为16%~8%,孔隙度增加,总孔隙度增幅为24.5%~8.1%,毛管孔隙度增幅为1.2%~13.9%,非毛管孔隙度增幅为20.5%~90.0%;土壤持水性比农地增加33%~7.5%;水分补给量在0~2m范围内,侧柏、荆条、4年刺槐是农地的2、1.5、1.71倍,20年刺槐和苜蓿比农地低22.5%和31.4%;0~1m内,侧柏、荆条、4年刺槐分别是农地的2.16、1.78、1.85倍,20年刺槐、苜蓿为农地的25%和62.3%;>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量比农地增加56.84%~30.72%;土壤结构破坏率农地最高为41.09%,其它植被为6.67%~25.73%。相关性分析表明土壤容重、总孔隙度、水分特征曲线a、水稳性团聚体含量、结构破坏率相关性显著。不同植被土壤水分生态效应不同,除20年刺槐、苜蓿土壤水分补给量小于对照农地外,其它各项指标均显著优于农地。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地草地荒漠化景观现状的定量分析

基于相互垂直的2条5km长的样线的野外调查,分析了鄂尔多斯高原东南部地区沙地草地的景观现状.对2条样线上的斑块出现的频度的统计分析表明,该地区景观以小尺度斑块为主,有95%以上的斑块直径小于50m,平均斑块直径只有15m,但仍有较大面积的流沙斑块存在.对沿样线的裸地百分比盖度的半方差分析揭示了该区域荒漠化景观依赖于空间尺度的环境异质性,所调查的沿样线裸地百分比盖度的分维,接近于2,说明其空间异质性主要集中在较小的尺度上.这说明该区景观较为稳定,但沙化面积有扩大的趋势.     

利用 TM1∶10万卫星图象研究四川富顺——南溪地区土地利用现状及开发途径

土地资源是国家基本资源之一。土地利用状况反映在一个地区土地开垦的指数、土地利用方向、土壤类型、水土流失、植被及覆盖面积、水体类型及覆盖面积等方面,而各种土壤、植被和水体,对日光或不同波长电磁波,有不同的反射、透射和发射特征,在卫片上表现为不同的信息。利用 TM 图象,可区分地表各种土壤、植被和水体的分布,掌握一个地区土地利用现状,制定正确的开发途径。     

Experience in Combined Glaciological and Botanical Studies on the Primary Plant Successions on Young Moraines in the Central Altai

Data are presented that concern specific features of primary plant community formation on the moraine complex of the Malyi Aktru Glacier (2190–2300 m a.s.l., Severo-Chuiskii Ridge, Central Altai), which dates from the Minor Glaciation Period. The main stages and rate of primary plant succession in the areas that became free of ice 1–150 years ago are discussed.     

云南省姚安县水土保持生态修复措施的效益研究

姚安县是“长江上中游水土保持生态修复工程”项目县，在该县的洋派河小流域修筑同样面积的4个径流小区，采取不同的生态修复措施，分别为对照地（即撂荒地）、人工补植地（人工种植澳洲金合欢）、封禁措施地、坡耕地（人工耕种的坡耕地）4种，修复中控制人类活动对自然的过度干扰和侵害，充分利用生态自我恢复能力，大面积实施生态自我修复，提高植被覆盖度减少水土流失。从植被重要值，土壤理化性质，土壤的保土保水量以及经济效益等方面进行对比分析计算，研究结果如下：生态修复后人工补植地和封禁地:①植被恢复迅速，植被覆盖度达到60%以上；②土壤的结构得到改善，封禁地全N含量最高，补植地当人工恢复达到一定年限后含N量也会增加；③土壤的保持水土量增加；④生态修复后，经济效益得到明显提高。     

上海市生态用地属性与空气负离子浓度的关联性

空气负离子具有杀菌、降尘、清洁空气的功效,能够表征环境空气的清洁度.为探明上海市生态用地空气负离子浓度的分布特征,便于人们休闲游憩,选择24个上海市生态核查样区,在植被最为茂盛的夏季进行空气离子浓度监测(离子迁移率为0.4 cm2/(V· s)),共获得正、负离子现场监测数据各21 600个,研究生态用地属性与空气负离子浓度的关系.结果表明:外环以内生态用地负离子浓度总体低于外环以外,内陆地区总体低于临海地区,上海植物园最低,海湾森林公园最高;除东平森林公园外,其他生态用地空气负离子浓度均大于正离子浓度;市区的共青森林公园、世纪公园,郊区的余山森林公园、金山岛自然保护区等8个样区CI均大于1,空气清洁度为A,最清洁;负离子浓度与植被覆盖度、LAI总体没有明显相关性,但在同一样区3个样方植被覆盖度相差大于等于0.10或LAI相差大于等于1的地区,负离子与植被覆盖度、LAI呈正相关性;负离子与温度呈负相关,不具备显著性,与相对湿度呈明显的正相关性.     

Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on vegetation diversity and structure: a case study in the remnant forests surrounding the village ecosystems of Tripura,Northeast India

The types, frequency, and intensity of human interference with forests markedly affect the vegetation dynamics. Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on forest diversity and structure is one of the central issues related to human behaviour and forest ecosystems and management. Both species diversity and density are very sensitive to local anthropogenic disturbance, which can be reduced depending on land-use systems. We used 10 line transects of 500 × 10 m to record and measure all plants ≥10 cm girth in some of the remaining forests surrounding villages in Tripura, Northeast India. To predict the effects of anthropogenic pressure on species richness and forest structure, we recorded and scored all ongoing disturbances in all transects of the forests. Although our study did not show any significant effects on the mean number of species, all diversity indices were significantly affected by disturbance. Total stem density (F = 128.60, p < 0.0001) and basal area (F = 65.30, p < 0.0001) of the forest stands were significantly affected by disturbance. Disturbance significantly (F = 84.81, p < 0.0001) impacts the abundance of mature voluminous trees removed by extensive illegal logging. Further, stem density at the middle (F = 10.01, p < 0.05) and upper (F = 131.70, p < 0.0001) canopy stories was also reduced by high disturbance intensity. The present analysis will be useful to policy-makers and planners for implementation of sustainable forest management at both the local and regional scale.     

The Phytoecological Map as a Means for Evaluating the State and Anthropogenic Transformation of Vegetation

The methodological principles of making a phytoecological map reflecting the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the plant cover are described.     

Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) response to ozone and ethylenediurea (EDU)

Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) seedlings were placed into open-top chambers in May, 2004 and fumigated for 12 wks. Nine chambers were fumigated with either carbon-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) or twice-ambient (2×) ozone (O₃). Ethylenediurea (EDU) was applied as a foliar spray weekly at 0 (control), 200, 400 or 600 ppm. Foliar injury occurred at ambient (30%) and elevated O₃ (100%). Elevated O₃ resulted in significant decreases in biomass and nutritive quality. Ethylenediurea reduced percent of leaves injured, but decreased root and total biomass. Foliar concentrations of cell-wall constituents were not affected by EDU alone; however, EDU × O₃ interactions were observed for total cell-wall constituents and lignocellulose fraction. Our results demonstrated that O₃ altered the physiology and productivity of cutleaf coneflower, and although reducing visible injury EDU may be phytotoxic at higher concentrations.     

Major Ionic Composition of Aerosol, Rainwater and its Impact on Surface and Sub-surface Waters, in and Around Mangalore, West Coast of India

Mining activities in Rakha copper mine (Jharkhand, India) were ceased in the year 2001, leaving a huge amount of untreated tailings in the nearby tailings pond. The copper tailings contained high concentrations of heavy metals (total Cu, Ni concentrations 1779, 564 mgkg⁻¹, respectively), and low contents of major nutrient elements and organic matter. Tailings are often very unstable, and a potential vegetation cover may reduce the erosion or immobilize the toxicants to surrounding environment by phytostabilization. However, high shoot concentrations of elements might disperse them and could be harmful to grazing animals. The objective of this study was to find out which of the three properties; low-accumulation, root accumulation or shoot accumulation of elements (Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd and Co), occur in the semi aquatic species Ammania baccifera growing on copper tailings. Roots of this species accumulated high levels of Cu, even more than 1000 mg kg⁻¹, DW. Metals accumulated by A. baccifera were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. Thus, establishment of such plant on copper tailings can be a safe method to stabilize the metals.