Population dynamics of the bank vole as studied using sequence functions

Sequence functions were used to construct a simulation model of the long-term population dynamics of the bank vole in Karelia. The mechanisms of population reproduction control affect the population size if it is greater than 1 and 4 ind./100 trap-days in spring and autumn, respectively.     

Effect of land management on soil microbial N supply to crop N uptake in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania

In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha⁻¹) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization.     

北湖流域水质改善系统动力学研究

利用系统动力学擅长研究动态、非线性复杂系统的特点,将其应用于北湖水质改善分析,构建了系统动力学-水质耦合模型,可实现长时间序列的连续模拟和水环境管理的情景分析。文章定量分析了三产比例调整、城镇化率提高与污水集中处理等因素对流域纳污控制及水质改善的影响,推演出可协调经济发展-水环境保护-污水治理资金三方矛盾的合理方案,为类似小城镇的发展提供可借鉴的思路和方法。     

广东南水水库富营养化与浮游植物群落动态

南水水库是广东省第三大水库,属饮用水源一级保护区。于2011年1~12月对该水库的水文、水质和浮游植物进行了每月一次、为期一年的调查,采用营养状态指数(TSI)进行了水质综合评价,分析了浮游植物群落的动态变化规律,选择冗余分析(RDA)研究了影响浮游植物群落结构的环境因素。结果表明:南水水库现为贫营养型,全年浮游植物的种类变化不大,共鉴定出浮游植物6门50属(种),优势种以适应贫营养的种类为主,且浮游植物的丰度、生物量及叶绿素a浓度都较低,其均值分别为8.72×104～2.51×105cells/L、0.031～0.423 mg/L和0.83～2.80 mg/L。浮游植物群落主要以硅藻、甲藻和绿藻种群为主,硅藻种群全年占优势,甲藻和绿藻在不同季节优势度有变化,体现出从硅藻型到硅藻-甲藻型,到硅藻-绿藻型,再到硅藻-甲藻型的变化过程。温度、氮磷比和水体稳定性的季节变化是影响上述浮游植物群落动态的主要因子。     

铜尾矿库坝面土壤微生物群落动态的驱动因子

随机过程和确定性过程对群落动态的影响机制及重要性是群落生态学研究的中心课题,也是目前群落生态学最具争议的问题.微生物群落在生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中发挥着重要作用,对其结构动态的研究不仅为阐明群落构建机制提供重要的数据支持,而且为预测环境胁迫条件下微生物群落结构的动态提供理论依据.本研究通过Illumina MiSeq测序的方法,分析了中条山十八河尾矿库坝面不同恢复阶段细菌和真菌群落结构特征.结果表明,研究区尾矿坝不同恢复年限土壤理化性质发生梯度变化,植物群落结构呈现一定的演替趋势,植物群落多样性与土壤养分显著相关,而与土壤重金属含量无相关性.不同恢复年限的土壤微生物群落结构具有显著差异,其中优势细菌主要有变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）;优势真菌主要有子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）.微生物群落组成主要受到土壤养分和重金属含量的影响,而植物多样性对微生物群落结构的影响不明显,表明在局域小尺度环境胁迫条件下,土壤环境因子是微生物群落结构动态变化的主要驱动力.     

一株Acinetobacter johnsonii的部分反硝化特性及动力学研究

从实验室A²/O小试设备中分离纯化出一株具有高亚硝酸盐氮（NO₂^--N）积累率的反硝化菌株ZY04,经过16SrDNA鉴定和基因比对后,初步鉴定为Acinetobacter johnsonii.使用Logistic模型可以很理想地拟合菌株ZY04的生长特性曲线,得到生长方程常数a=0.6588,b=24.08,k=0.2413.在维持初始基质中硝酸盐氮（NO₃^--N）浓度为100mg/L的条件下,改变碳源乙酸钠的浓度,使碳氮比（TOC/TN）为3.5,4.5,5.5,6.5,研究菌株ZY04部分反硝化性能,发现该菌株在不同碳氮比条件下均能够保持95%以上的NO₃^--N降解率,在碳氮比为3.5和4.5时,17h后NO₂^--N积累率达到70%以上;在碳氮比为5.5和6.5时,NO₂^--N积累率在更快的11h后达到85%以上,碳氮比为5.5时达到最高NO₂^--N积累率91%.使用Aiba,Edwards和Andrews模型对菌株的基质抑制动力学进行拟合,结果表明,3种模型均可以很好的拟合NO₃^--N和乙酸钠对菌株的单基质抑制动力学,在双基质抑制的9种组合中,有6种模型成功拟合了NO₃^--N和乙酸钠对菌株的双基质抑制动力学,得到了相关半饱和参数和基质抑制参数,相关系数（R²）可以达到98%.     

Anthropogenic Transformation of Flora in the City of Astrakhan and Its Environs over the Past 100 Years

Trends in the anthropogenic transformation of flora in the city of Astrakhan and its environs over the past 100 years are discussed. In general, the process of flora synanthropization is observed, with natural aboriginal plant communities being replaced by anthropogenically altered communities.     

Combined molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical study of (+)-multifidene structure and conformation

Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical tools have been used to explore the conformational space of (+)(3S,4S)-multifidene bioactive compounds. All the computations have been performed in the absence and presence of the solvent, simulated by the explicit introduction of a number of water molecules or by the polarized continuum model (PCM). Three conformational minima, both in vacuo and in water (simulated by PCM tool), have been confirmed at ab initio level of theory (B3LYP and MP2). All minima lie in a very narrow range of energy, and the interconversion between them is possible with a small amount of energy expense.     

An Ecologically Destabilized Environment: Its Effect on Small-Mammal Populations

Characteristics of the small-mammal populations inhabiting forest biocenoses in the Middle Ural state reserves have been analyzed over in the period from 1987 to 2002. During this period, the habitats of these animals were considerably destabilized due to windfalls and fires. The environmental characteristics of animal microhabitats at different stages of environment destabilization have been described quantitatively. Changes in the long-term cycles of the population dynamics of the dominant forest vole species caused by the destabilizing factors have been found. Redistribution of species dominance with respect to abundance has been demonstrated.     

Specific Features of the Dynamics of Murine Rodent Communities under the Effects of Urbanization: 2. Maintenance of Population Size

The reproduction dynamics of nonsynanthropic rodents living in urbanized areas was compared with that of rodents from natural communities. The number of females in a community and the number of embryos and placental spots per female were estimated. The mechanisms providing for the maintenance of population size were different in different habitats. In particular, the urban communities of murine rodents proved to have a higher reproductive potential.