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91.
Dynamics of soil organic matter in primary and secondary forest succession on sandy soils in The Netherlands: An application of the ROMUL model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M.A. Nadporozhskaya G.M.J. Mohren O.G. Chertov A.S. Komarov A.V. Mikhailov 《Ecological modelling》2006,190(3-4):399-418
We applied the simulation model ROMUL of soil organic matter dynamics in order to analyse and predict forest soil organic matter (SOM) changes following stand growth and also to identify gaps of data and modelling problems. SOM build-up was analysed (a) from bare sand to forest soil during a primary succession in Scots pine forest and (b) on mature forest soil under Douglas fir plantations as an example of secondary succession in The Netherlands. As some of the experimental data were unreliable we compiled a set of various scenarios with different soil moisture regime, initial SOM pools and amount and quality of above and below ground litter input. This allowed us to find the scenarios that reflect the SOM dynamics more realistically. In the Scots pine forest, total litter input was estimated as 0.50 kg m−2 year−1. Two scenarios were defined for the test runs: (a) forest floor moisture regimes—‘dry, mesic and hydric’ and (b) augmenting a root litter pool with three ratios of needles and branches to roots: 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2.0. The scenario finally compiled had the following characteristics: (a) climate for dry site with summer drought and high winter moisture of forest floor; (b) a litter input of 0.25 kg m−2 year−1 above ground and 0.50 kg m−2 year−1 below ground; (c) a low nitrogen and ash content in all litter fall fractions. The test runs for the estimation of the initial SOM pools and the amount and proportion of above and below ground litter fall were also performed in the Douglas fir plantation. The inputs of above ground litter tested in various combinations were 0.30 and 0.60 kg m−2 year−1, and below ground litter 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90 kg m−2 year−1. The scenario that fitted the experimental data had an SOM pool of 20–25 kg m−2, an aboveground litter input of 0.6 kg m−2 year−1and a below ground litter input of 0.9 kg m−2 year−1. The long-term simulation corresponded well with the observed patterns of soil organic matter accumulation associated with the forest soil development in primary and secondary succession. During primary succession in Scots pine forest on dry sand there is a consistent accumulation of a raw humus forest floor. The soil dynamics in the Douglas fir plantation also coincide with the observed patterns of SOM changes during the secondary succession, with SOM decreasing significantly under young forest, and SOM being restored in the older stands. 相似文献
92.
In 1990, the Government and Parliament of the Netherlands decided on a new national policy for coastal defence. To ensure
the enduring safety of the low-lying polders as well as the sustainable preservation of the coastal dunes, it was decided
to maintain the coastline in its 1990 position.
The main method for coastline preservation in the Netherlands is beach nourishment. Since 1991, approximately 7 million m3 of sand is added to the Dutch beaches annually. From an evaluation study of sand nourishment projects it is concluded that
nourishment is an effective and efficient method to preserve the coastline. The evaluation study also proves that nourishment
projects should be ‘tailor-made’, taking the local morphological and hydraulic conditions into account. The first results
of an experimental shoreface nourishment are discussed.
The choice for nourishment as the principal method to combat erosion is well in line with the intention to restore the natural
dynamics of the dune-coast in the Netherlands. The key probably is a less strict policy with regard to the maintenance of
the foredunes. Plans for the development of typical coastal features such as slufters*, wash-overs, blow-outs and mobile dunes are currently under discussion.
A slufter is a breakthrough in the first dune-ridge whereby the sea invades former dune slacks or beach plains situated behind
the duneridge. In this way a tidal marsh is formed within the dune zone. 相似文献
93.
When Good Animals Love Bad Habitats: Ecological Traps and the Conservation of Animal Populations 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15
JAMES BATTIN† 《Conservation biology》2004,18(6):1482-1491
94.
In this study numerical methods are used to investigate the relationship between chemical concentration of gas species within a cavitating bubble, equilibrium radius of the gas bubble and pressure variations in the ambient liquid. For this purpose, governing equations are developed to describe the dynamic equilibrium of a bubble in a flowing fluid and mass transfer between gas and liquid phases, where it was assumed that gases undergo isothermal compression, obey the ideal gas law, Henry law. It is further assumed that the concentration of each phase within the bubble is uniform. The resulting nonlinear equations are solved using implicit Trapezoidal method with Newton iteration. Four gas species are modeled under various initial and ambient pressure variation conditions. These conditions maybe considered to represent typical cavitation events. The numerical results obtained are presented in terms of dimensionless numbers. These results indicate that chemical damage maybe an important component of cavitation surface damage, since high concentration profiles may develop within a collapsing bubble. Proposed formulation and numerical solutions are simple and cost effective to implement. The results presented in this study maybe used to benchmark experimental investigations or other more complex solutions, which are outside the scope of this study. 相似文献
95.
We studied the impact of group size on foraging behaviour and level of movement synchronisation among female herdmates of a fallow deer population in Central Italy. Both proportion of foraging events and movement synchronisation decreased with increasing group size. The proportion of foraging events was higher for animals on the edge of the group than for deer in the centre of the group; hence, there appears to be a trade-off between protection against predators and foraging interference, both of which decrease from the centre to the periphery of the group. This is the first time this type of behaviour has been recorded for wild ungulates. As expected, we also found that the movement of peripheral animals was less synchronised than that of central animals. Consequently, peripheral animals may lose contact with their herdmates and split off the group. We conclude that social inequalities may lead to conflicting requirements among group members and instability of large groups. Movement synchronisation (as a function of group size) appears to interact with habitat openness to produce variations of group size (which appear to be adaptive for individuals) as an emergent property of these aggregations. 相似文献
96.
岷江上游林草交错带祁连山圆柏群落的物种多样性及乔木种群的分布格局 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
应用5种多样性指数对祁连山圆柏群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并采用相邻格子样方法测定了乔木种群及其各立木级的分布格局.结果表明,灌木层的物种多样性偏低,而草本层多样性较高,群落总的物种多样性(以丰富度表示)较高.群落总的物种多样性较高是由于较低的灌木层多样性与较高的草本层多样性综合作用的结果,与放牧影响、阳坡的干燥环境有关,可能是林草交错区固有的特点.乔木种群的分布格局呈现出集群分布,但在其发育过程中显示了动态变化的特征,即在幼苗和小树阶段为集群分布,到了大树阶段转变为随机分布或均匀分布.表6参32 相似文献
97.
铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长的磷营养动力学特征 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
在无磷培养基中添加不同质量浓度的磷,对经过磷饥饿的铜绿微囊藻Microcystisaeruginosa和斜生栅藻Scendesmusobliquus进行一次性培养,比较研究磷饥饿下两种藻对外源磷的生长反应,并应用Monod方程计算了两种藻的营养动力学参数(Umax、Ks)。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻现存量快速增加的磷质量浓度在0.020~0.200mg·L-1之间,比生长速率快速增长的磷质量浓度在0.00~0.200mg·L-1之间,斜生栅藻现存量快速增加的磷质量浓度在0.02~4.00mg·L-1之间,比生长速率快速增长的磷质量浓度在0.020~0.500mg·L-1之间。无论在现存量上还是在生长速率上,铜绿微囊藻适宜的磷质量浓度都比斜生栅藻的低。铜绿微囊藻的最大生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.229/d、0.026mg·L-1;斜生栅藻的最大生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.395/d、0.031mg·L-1。生长动力学参数表明:当磷缺乏的情况下,铜绿微囊藻容易形成优势,当磷丰富的情况下,斜生栅藻容易形成优势。 相似文献
98.
怀来盆地弃耕地自然恢复过程中土壤养分动态 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
研究了怀来盆地丘陵区弃耕地自然恢复过程中土壤养分的变化规律。采取空间代替时间的方法,确定了代表弃耕地初期阶段、草地阶段和灌丛地阶段的3种样地,通过分层取样测定了土壤有机质、全量养分和速效养分含量。结果表明,全量养分对生态系统恢复的响应与其相应的速效养分明显不同。随着弃耕地的恢复,土壤有机质有明显增加的趋势,P循环和K循环由物质控制向生物控制转换,但速效P在恢复初期增加缓慢。速效N由于耕种期施肥的影响表现出先降低而后增加的特点。全量养分中,只有全N在弃耕地自然恢复中有增加的趋势。灌丛可以在更深的层次上影响土壤养分。植被的恢复与土壤肥力的提高密切相关,这种作用随着植被的恢复而不断增强。 相似文献
99.
将炉渣用作深层过滤的床层过滤,在油田水处理中具有良好的应用前景。通过对炉渣滤料的物性测定,对流体力学性能、过滤性能及反洗性能的研究,获得了有关炉渣滤料的粒径分布、床层孔隙率、密度、吸水率等物性参数,以及清洁滤料床层阻力与速度的关系曲线和流化曲线,过滤条件下床层阻力随时间的变化关系和悬浮物脱除率随时间的变化曲线,炉渣床层的反洗曲线。结果表明:炉渣表面粗糙,有棱角,吸附表面积大,孔隙率大,过滤效果好;炉渣滤料密度小,反洗效果较好,反洗用水量只是过滤水量的5%左右;同时,炉渣作为滤料用于深层过滤,不仅来源广泛,而且属废物利用。 相似文献
100.
Hock Hwee Heng Nikolas P. Nikolaidis 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(2):359-374
ABSTRACT: The Watershed Nutrient Transport and Transformation (NTT-Watershed) model is a physically based, energy-driven, multiple land use, distributed model that is capable of simulating water and nutrient transport in a watershed. The topographic features and subsurface properties of the watershed are refined into uniform, homogeneous square grids. The vertical discretization includes vegetation, overland flow, soil water redistribution and groundwater zones. The chemical submodel simulates the nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic systems. Three chemical state variables are considered (NO3--, NH4+, and Org-N). The NTT-Watershed model was used to simulate the fate and transport of nitrogen in the Muddy Brook watershed in Connecticut. The model was shown to be capable of capturing the hydrologic and portions of the nitrogen dynamics in the watershed. Watershed planners could use this model in developing strategies of best management practices that could result in maximizing the reductions of nitrogen export from a watershed. 相似文献