人工快滤系统处理小区洗衣废水的试验研究

家庭洗衣废水直排水体给城市河道带来了阴离子表面活性剂(LAS)的污染。本试验利用人工土快速渗滤系统对居住小区家庭洗衣废水的处理技术进行了室内模拟土柱研究。结果表明,人工快滤系统对洗衣废水中的LAS,COD及氨氮等污染物具有良好的去除效果和稳定性能,其对LAS、COD、BOD及氨氮的平均去除率分别为99.00%、79.8%、72.5%和90.88%。此外,从快滤系统的工作方式、人工土组成及配比和土层厚度三方面对联合去除率的贡献以及各去除机制之间的交叉效应作了探讨。     

潜流人工湿地负荷变化对脱氮效果的影响研究

通过15个月的现场监测试验,研究了约40种入水负荷下人工湿地的脱氮效果,总结了芦苇、茭草、混合种植以及无植物潜流湿地在不同水力负荷和污染负荷下的单位面积出水氮负荷和去除率的变化规律.4种潜流系统入水负荷从400mg·(m²·d)^-1变化到8 000 mg·(m²·d)^-1,出水负荷小于7 000 mg·(m²·d)^-1,研究表明,潜流湿地出水负荷随着入水负荷的升高而升高,具有明显的线性相关关系.单位面积总氮的去除率在低负荷条件下随入水负荷的升高而升高,但在高负荷时单位面积去除率基本维持在一定的水平,不受入水负荷的影响,去除率变化波动较大.各系统的最佳运行范围在2 000～4 000mg·(m²·d)^-1之间,平均去除率在1 062～2 007 mg·(m²·d)^-1之间.床体间比较认为,植物床脱氮效果明显好于空白床,芦苇床、茭草床单位面积脱氮效率高出空白床63%和27%;同时考察的植物吸收量证明,植物吸收氮的量非常有限,不到去除量的5%,证明植物主要通过吸收以外的其它因素如改善水力条件和根系微环境来提高系统的氮去除效率.研究结果为潜流湿地脱氮机理的理解和设计提供参考.     

构建湿地堵塞问题的研究

研究了复合垂直流构建湿地(IVCW)中与填料堵塞相关的填料粒径、渗透性能、有机质含量等因素的变化.经过颗粒分析得知填料粒径在2～5mm间,运用自制的砂样管对填料进行原位采样,渗透试验结果表明IVCW填料层的渗透系数随填料深度的增加而增加.IVCW填料各层中,渗透系数最小值存在于表层以下15～30cm处.IVCW系统运行52个月后,仅填料表面至15cm深处有少量有机质存在,15cm深度以下有机质含量极少,表明IVCW系统运行稳定,未出现堵塞现象.文中通过分析填料堵塞的影响因素提出相应的预防措施和对策.     

人工湿地不同基质对氨氮的吸附特性研究

过量氮是引发水体富营养化的重要原因之一,氮的去除是控制水体富营养化的关键,其中人工湿地中基质对氨氮的去除是人工湿地处理污水的重要途径。通过基质氨氮吸附动力学、等温吸附以及基质饱和吸附后氨氮解吸实验,研究沸石、红泥、水洗砂、炉渣4种人工湿地基质净化氨氮的效果,评价其饱和吸附后氨氮解吸可能造成的二次污染风险及基质去除氨氮的主要途径。结果表明：4种基质对氨氮的吸附量顺序依次为沸石〉红泥〉炉渣〉水洗砂;沸石去除氨氮的途径以离子交换为主,物理吸附作用很小;炉渣的离子交换作用和物理吸附作用效果相当。从氨氮的解吸率来看,沸石的解吸率最小,红泥次之,炉渣和水洗砂的解吸率较大。综合评价,沸石更适合作为人工湿地污水去除氨氮的基质。     

亚铁对水平潜流人工湿地反硝化作用的影响

亚铁离子可以作为电子供体参与反硝化作用,某些微生物可以通过氧化亚铁离子还原硝酸盐,从而去除污水中的硝态氮.本研究通过在潜流人工湿地中添加Fe2+,分析不同初始Fe2+浓度对反硝化过程的强化效果及不同C/N对Fe2+参与反硝化作用的影响.结果表明,Fe2+的添加可以显著提高人工湿地反硝化能力,进水NO-3-N为30 mg·L-1、C/N为2、水力停留时间为1 d,添加45 mg·L-1Fe2+的人工湿地中硝氮去除率可以提高24%;硝氮去除率随初始Fe2+浓度的增加而增加.C/N与初始Fe2+浓度对反硝化作用都具有显著影响且两者具有交互作用,碳源的存在可以促进Fe2+参与的反硝化作用.     

人工湿地废水处理机理

对人工湿地的构造、作用机理进行了较详尽的说明,湿地中物理、化学及生物协同作用以及湿地植物输氧造成的湿地基质中好氧、缺氧和厌氧状态的交替出现是保证其对氮磷及有机物具有较强处理效率的原因。研究表明：对进水浓度较低的城市污水,湿地的ＢＯＤ５和ＣＯＤ去除率大于８０％,出水ＢＯＤ２为１０ｍｇ／Ｌ左右。总氮及总磷去除率可大６０％和９０％,较常规二级处理方式具有一定的优越性。     

新型废水处理工艺--人工湿地的设计方法

根据水流形态的不同,人工湿地可以分为地表流工艺和地下潜流工艺,人工湿地实际上是一种推流式生物反应器,一般利用芦苇作为供氧手段,人工湿地具有良好的净化废水功能,BOD去除率达85—95％,SS去除率达90％,氨氮和磷的去除率约为40—50％,而其基建和运行费用仅为传统二级处理的1/10—1/2.本文介绍了人工湿地的设计方法.     

The Ecotoxicological Recovery of Ely Creek and Tributaries (Lee County, Va) After Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage

The Ely Creek watershed (Lee County, VA) was determined in 1995 to be the most negatively affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) within the Virginia coalfield. This determination led the US Army Corps of Engineers to design and build passive wetland remediation systems at two major AMD seeps affecting Ely Creek. This study was undertaken to determine if ecological recovery had occurred in Ely Creek. The results indicate that remediation had a positive effect on all monitoring sites downstream of the remediated AMD seeps. At the site most impacted by AMD, mean pH was 2.93 prior to remediation and improved to 7.14 in 2004. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys revealed that one AMD influenced site had increased taxa richness from zero taxa in 1997 to 24 in 2004. While in situ testing of Asian clams resulted in zero survival at five of seven AMD influenced sites prior to remediation, some clams survived at all sites after. Clam survival was found to be significantly less than upstream references at only two sites, both downstream of un-mitigated AMD seeps in 2004. An ecotoxicological rating (ETR) system that combined ten biotic and abiotic parameters was developed as an indicator of the ecological status for each study site. A comparison of ETRs from before and after remediation demonstrated that all sites downstream of the remediation had experienced some level of recovery. Although the remediation has improved the ecological health of Ely Creek, un-mitigated AMD discharges are still negatively impacting the watershed.     

Modelling Wetland Bird Response to Water Level Changes in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River Hydrosystem

Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River (LOSL) wetland bird abundance and diversity are greatly influenced by lake and river hydrology. Our study used an interdisciplinary ecosystem approach, blending avian and plant ecology, ecohydraulic, statistical ecology and modelling to evaluate potential impacts of water level fluctuations on indicator species representative of the wetland breeding bird assemblages in the entire LOSL freshwater system. Multi-year (2000–2003) bird surveys captured bird distribution and density in wetland habitats under varying degrees of water inandation, depth and fluctuation. Analyses revealed strong associations between estimated breeding pair densities and plant communities, water depth, and degree of water level fluctuation during the breeding season for a suite of wetland bird species using marsh, wet meadow, shrub swamp and treed swamp habitats. These quantitative associations were used to develop wetland bird performance indicators for use in a LOSL water regulation review study. Several bird species also nest at or near the water surface and are thus vulnerable to nest flooding or stranding. Changes to the seasonal hydrology of Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River that result in an increased frequency or magnitude of these nest failure events may have a significant impact on regional population sustainability. Long term nest record databases were analyzed to create nesting flooding and stranding probability equations based on water level increases and decreases during the breeding season. These species-specific nesting relationships were incorporated into a reproduction index.Many breeding bird species were strongly associated with specific wetland plant communities. Predicted habitat suitability, as measured by estimated breeding pair density, can also change significantly within a specific wetland plant community based solely on changes in water depth during the breeding season. Three indicator species, Black Tern, Least Bittern and Virginia Rail were selected as key environmental performance indicators for alternate regulation plan comparisons.Water regulation criteria should be such that the long term diversity and abundance of wetland plant communities and frequency of spring flooding in marsh habitats during breeding are not reduced. Magnitude and frequency of water level change during the nesting season (May–July) can also adversely impact reproductive success of many wetland bird species. As such, regulation criteria that increase the seasonal magnitude and frequency of water level change may be detrimental to the long term viability of certain regional breeding bird populations.     

Modeling Wetland Plant Community Response to Assess Water-Level Regulation Scenarios in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River Basin

The International Joint Commission has recently completed a five-year study (2000–2005) to review the operation of structures controlling the flows and levels of the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River system. In addition to addressing the multitude of stakeholder interests, the regulation plan review also considers environmental sustainability and integrity of wetlands and various ecosystem components. The present paper outlines the general approach, scientific methodology and applied management considerations of studies quantifying the relationships between hydrology and wetland plant assemblages (% occurrence, surface area) in Lake Ontario and the Upper and Lower St. Lawrence River. Although similar study designs were used across the study region, different methodologies were required that were specifically adapted to suit the important regional differences between the lake and river systems, range in water-level variations, and confounding factors (geomorphic types, exposure, sediment characteristics, downstream gradient of water quality, origin of water masses in the Lower River). Performance indicators (metrics), such as total area of wetland in meadow marsh vegetation type, that link wetland response to water levels will be used to assess the effects of different regulation plans under current and future (climate change) water-supply scenarios.The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.