农村空心化程度影响因素的实证研究——基于山东省村庄调查数据

农村空心化是城乡转型发展进程中乡村地域系统演化的一种不良过程,受经济、自然、社会文化与制度管理等多种因素影响。研究采用GIS、遥感和参与式农村调查相结合的方法,基于山东省76个村庄的0.25 m高分辨率航空遥感影像和逐户调查数据,测算农村空心化程度,选取农村空心化程度可能的影响因素,采用多元逐步回归方法分析农村空心化程度与影响因素之间的定量关系。结果表明:农村空心化程度与户均宅基地宗数、人均耕地面积呈显著的正相关,与村庄人均收入呈显著负相关。由于村庄发展规划缺失与宅基地管理滞后,"一户多宅"现象严重,户均宅基地宗数增多,直接导致宅基地空废闲置,农村空心化程度增加;村庄人均收入低,经济发展滞后,内生性发展能力衰退,导致村庄要素与资源的集聚力下降,是农村空心化程度增加的内生因素;耕地是农村空心化发展的"资源基础",人均占有耕地多的村庄,村庄扩展空间相对充足,农户宅基地利用粗放,导致空置废弃宅基地多,农村空心化程度较高。为防止或控制农村空心化的进一步发展,应逐步加强农村住宅建设用地规划控制,制定村庄建设发展中长期规划,划定村庄空间增长边界,建立农村宅基地退出机制;培育村庄内生发展能力,提高农民收入水平,增强村庄要素凝聚力;甄别农村空心化的主导因素,划分不同农村空心化地域类型区,制定差别化的防控对策。     

Estimating the number of active and successful bald eagle nests:an application of the dual frame method

Monitoring the number of animals in a wildlife population is an important task. In this paper, we estimate the number of active and successful bald eagle nests in a specific region using dual frame sampling techniques. The dual frame method combines independent samples from an incomplete list frame and an area frame that is assumed to be complete. Hartley's screening estimator is used to combine sample information from both frames. This methodology will be useful for monitoring any wildlife population where the breeding individuals have highly visible nesting territories which tend to be stable over many years.     

VRLA蓄电池和胶体密封铅酸蓄电池的运输安全性能

本文通过振动、压差、高温和跌落试验,考察VRLA蓄电池和胶体密封铅酸蓄电池(简称:胶体电池)的外形变化和电解液泄漏情况,并对VRLA蓄电池和胶体电池的运输安全性能和运输管理方式进行了分析和探讨.     

湿式消解法对冷原子吸收测定生物样品中汞产生的干扰

用不同的湿式消解法对多种生物样品的进行消解测定,分析了实验的干扰因素,并推荐了比较适宜的消解方法。     

湖沼型血吸虫病疫区钉螺空间自相关的样点尺寸效应

钉螺是血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,与众多地理因子一样,钉螺的空间自相关具有明显的尺度效应。在湖沼型血吸虫病疫区典型洲垸型草洲选择一块50 m×50 m的试验样地,采用推扫式全覆盖方法进行了钉螺普查。用全局空间自相关Moran I指数、局部空间自相关Moran散点图和局部Moran’s I指数,进行了钉螺分布空间自相关的样点尺寸效应研究。结果表明:所有样点尺寸钉螺数目的全局Moran’s I均为极显著空间正相关(P0.001);不同样点尺寸下的钉螺样点在局部自相关Moran散点图上绝大多数集中分布在象限1和象限3内,表明试验样地的钉螺呈空间聚集分布;钉螺样点尺寸越小,用局部Moran’s I指数对单个钉螺样点附近的空间自相关表现得越细微,表明全局Moran’s I指标会掩盖实际存在的局部空间自相关与全局不一致的现象。     

Evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticides in green onion

Abstract

A pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was presented for the determination of six neonicotinoid pesticides, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam in green onion. The critical parameters of PLE, e.g. extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, number of cycles, and static extraction time, were optimized by test on the spiked green onion with six neonicotinoids and the incurred green onion applied with four commercial neonicotinoid insecticide formulations (acetamiprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam). As a result, the recoveries of six neonicotinoids obtained by one cycle PLE with acetonitrile at 140?°C and 50?bar for 10?min were 94.7–99.5%. These results were acceptable according to the validation guideline for testing method of agricultural chemicals in food by Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare in Japan. PLE was also validated by the test on the incurred green onion. The analytical values of four neonicotinoids obtained by PLE were good agreement with those obtained by solid–liquid extraction with homogenizer, which is employed for Japanese official method for the analysis of pesticide residues in food (the ratios of analytical values obtained by PLE to those obtained by solid–liquid extraction were 99.7–101.2%). These results indicate that PLE is applicable for the determination of neonicotinoids in green onion.     

超声热效应下型煤中气体解吸规律试验研究

为了研究超声热效应对于气体解吸的影响规律,利用自行研制的具备施加超声功能的吸附解吸装置,对吸附饱和氮气的型煤试件开展超声热效应下的气体解吸试验。利用试验数据,拟合出了不同氮气压力下超声热效应作用过程中温度变化方程,解吸量方程及解吸速率方程。同时,对解吸量方程和解吸速率方程进行了试验数据验证。结果表明:超声热效应作用能够有效地提高型煤试样的温度,提高氮气的解吸130.9%～145.8%。验证结果相对误差集中在5%以内,拟合方程能够反映出超声热效应作用过程中解吸量及解吸速率的变化情况。     

车载通信终端加固设计

介绍了车载通信终端加固技术,主要包括：热设计技术、抗振动冲击加固技术和维修性技术等。对通信终端的系统组成和结构特点,工作环境,以及加固处理措施作了详细的描述,并成功研制出基于工控机构成的用于军用车载通信终端。     

基于GWO-VMD算法的齿轮故障自适应特征提取

目的 齿轮产生故障时,利用其声发射信号进行自适应特征提取后诊断。方法 利用变分模态分解方法（VMD）对齿轮发生故障时的声发射信号进行分解。在现实状况中,采集声发射原信号噪声干扰大,导致特征提取准确度低,并且模态分解时参数需要人为调试设定。鉴于此,引入灰狼优化算法（GWO）,对模态分解个数k和二次惩罚因子α自适应选择最优参数后,对信号分解得到本征模态函数（IMF）。通过相关系数选出最佳IMF作为特征分量,计算其峭度和样本熵。结果 计算了各分量的相关系数,选取与原始信号最为相近的分量,分别计算其峭度和样本熵。分解后,齿轮故障声发射信号峭度高于正常的情况,而样本熵则偶然性表现为正常情况下的值大于故障条件下的值。结论 采用支持向量机对特征向量集进行分类识别,对比改进后的试验结果,GWO-VMD结合峭度–样本熵的方法能够有效地提取故障特征,判断齿轮状态是否健康。     

Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue 62 over CuO-SnO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst under simulated sunlight

The novel CuO-SnO2 nanocomposite oxide photocatalysts were prepared by simple co-precipitation method, and characterized by X- ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption measurement and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of CuO-SnO2, evaluated using the photodegradation of Acid Blue 62 as a probe reaction under the irradiation of Xenon light, were also found to be related to the calcination temperature and the molar ratio of Cu to Sn. The maximum photocatalytic activity of the CuO-SnO2 photocatalyst was observed to be calcined at 500~C for 3 h （the molar ratio of Cu to Sn was 1：1） due to the sample with good crystallization and high surface area. It also showed much higher photocatalytic activity in treatment dye wastewater under simulated sunlight irradiation compared to Degussa P25 TiO2.