不同原理分析仪观测大气中氮氧化物对比研究

氮氧化物(NOx)是大气二次光化学污染臭氧的重要前体物,但目前对其总量和分量的测量仍存在着一些难以解决的问题。选择3种不同原理的市售氮氧化物分析仪在广东和北京进行比对观测实验,从而比较其各自的优缺点及适用性。结果表明,钼转化法(MC)测得的NOx比光转化法(LC)及液相化学发光法(LPC)所测得的值都明显偏高,可近似认为是NOy。LPC检测NO2时受到PAN等含有—NO2生色基团的干扰,结果比LC略高。LC测得的NOx值与实际大气最为接近。MC测定的NOx比实际值高,但能满足空气质量指标监测的需求;LC能够准确测定大气中的NOx,但造价太高,仅适用于大气化学机理研究;而LPC原理的仪器适合于短时间的航测、高塔和系留艇进行垂直梯度观测。     

竹丝生物膜反应器修复校园景观水体的实验研究

以竹丝作为填料而组建的接触氧化生物膜工艺对校园景观水体进行易位修复,通过设置5个不同工况以探明竹丝载体在修复轻度污染水体的特性,研究表明:当进水CODMn、氨氮和浊度分别为7.79~24.32 mg/L、1.36~11 mg/L和0.63~33.11 NTU的情况下,其去除率分别为10.57%~74.34%、-83.33%~57.55%和20.01%~100%,不同的运行工况对修复效果的影响不显著;系统在启动后的8 d内即可形成丰富成熟的生物相,而且竹丝上的细菌主要以短杆菌为主;竹丝生物膜反应器修复后的景观水体中的活细菌数量可减少1个数量级。竹丝上的亲水性基团和良好的生物亲和性以及从竹丝上脱落下来的零散竹丝纤维是竹丝填料生物膜快速形成的基础,宏观和微观"网捕"结构是该系统能在极短时间实现高效去除浊度、有机物和细菌等高分子物质的主要原因。     

Sun light degradation of 4-chloroaniline in waters and its effect on toxicity. A high performance liquid chromatography - Diode array - Tandem mass spectrometry study

This paper studies the degradation reactions that 4-chloroaniline can naturally undergo in waters for the action of sun light. 10.00 mg L⁻¹ 4-chloroaniline aqueous solution, without any addition of organic solvent, are undergone to photoirradiation under conditions that simulate sun light. The degradation pathway, followed by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS methods, is complex since the pollutant gives rise to many photoproducts: the predominant species are characterized by m/z values of 217 (P5) and 218 (P6) and are compatible with dimeric structures of 4-chloroaniline. Vibrio fischeri tests indicate that the photoproducts of 4-chloroaniline are characterized by a toxicity level significantly greater than the precursor.     

Elevated CO2 response of photosynthesis depends on ozone concentration in aspen

The effect of elevated CO₂ and O₃ on apparent quantum yield (?), maximum photosynthesis (P_max), carboxylation efficiency (V_cmax) and electron transport capacity (J_max) at different canopy locations was studied in two aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones of contrasting O₃ tolerance. Local light climate at every leaf was characterized as fraction of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (%PPFD). Elevated CO₂ alone did not affect ? or P_max, and increased J_max in the O₃-sensitive, but not in the O₃-tolerant clone. Elevated O₃ decreased leaf chlorophyll content and all photosynthetic parameters, particularly in the lower canopy, and the negative impact of O₃ increased through time. Significant interaction effect, whereby the negative impact of elevated O₃ was exaggerated by elevated CO₂ was seen in Chl, N and J_max, and occurred in both O₃-tolerant and O₃-sensitive clones. The clonal differences in the level of CO₂ × O₃ interaction suggest a relationship between photosynthetic acclimation and background O₃ concentration.     

Size characterization of the associations between carbon nanotubes and humic acids in aqueous media by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation combined with multi-angle light scattering

This work focuses on the influence of humic acids (HAs) on the fate of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aqueous media. This influence was demonstrated by mixing CNT powder with HAs in aqueous solution in varying concentrations. The aqueous media containing HAs and CNTs were size-characterized by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) coupled with multi-angle light scattering (MALS). This coupling yielded information concerning the size distribution of single- and multi-walled CNTs (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) and HAs under different physico-chemical conditions that can occur in environmental water. HAs can disperse individual CNTs in aqueous media. However, the difference in the physical structure between SWCNTs and MWCNTs leads to significant differences in the quantity of HA that can adsorb onto the nanotube surface and in the stability of the CNT/HA complex. Compared with MWCNTs, SWCNTs suspended in HAs are less affected by changing ionic strength with respect to stability and the amount suspended.     

Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress

The effect of nonylphenol (NP) on growth, photochemistry and biochemistry of two green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenanstrum capricornutum, and their ability to degrade NP were compared. The 96 h EC₅₀ of C. vulgaris and S. capricornutum were greater than 4.0 and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ NP, respectively, suggesting that the former species was more tolerant to NP. Both microalgae acclimated to NP stress through down-regulating their photosynthetic activities, including antenna size (chlorophyll a content), maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the light absorbed by PSII (ABS/CS₀), but the dissipation of energy from reaction centres (DI₀/RC) increased with the increase of NP concentrations. In C. vulgaris, the changes of these parameters were more significant than in S. capricornutum and recovered completely after a 96 h exposure. The antioxidant responses, such as GSH content, CAT and POD activities in C. vulgaris increased with the increase of NP concentrations after a 24 h exposure, but these changes disappeared with exposure time and recovered to the control levels after 96 h. In S. capricornutum, although GSH content, CAT and POD activities also increased when exposed to low- to moderate-NP concentrations, these values were significantly reduced at a high concentration (4 mg L⁻¹) even after a 96 h exposure, indicating its antioxidant responses were significantly delayed. It is clear that the more NP-tolerant species, C. vulgaris, acclimated better with a faster recovery of its photosynthetic activity from the NP-induced damage, and exhibited more efficient and rapid responses to NP-induced oxidative stress. C. vulgaris also had a higher NP degradation ability than S. capricornutum.     

H3PMo12O40/活性白土UV - H2O2催化氧化降解甲基橙

采用浸渍吸附法制备了H3PMo12O40/活性白土催化剂,并考察了H3 PMo12O40/活性白土对偶氮染料甲基橙的UV-H2O2降解的催化性能.实验结果表明,当H2O2加入量为0.4 mol/L、H3PMo12O40/活性白土加入量为0.30 g/L、溶液初始pH为2、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为1.0h时,甲基橙去...     

Photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution by Bi(4)Nb(x)Ta((1-x))O(8)I

In this work, Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I photocatalysts have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solutions under visible light, UV light and solar irradiation. The effects of catalyst dosage, initial pH and MO concentration on the removal efficiency were studied, and the photocatalytic reaction kinetics of MO degradation as well. The results indicated that Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the removal of MO in aqueous solutions. For example, the removal efficiency of MO by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I was as high as 92% within 12 h visible light irradiation under the optimal conditions: initial MO concentration of 5-10 mg L⁻¹, catalyst dosage of 6 g L⁻¹ and natural pH (6-8), the MO molecules could be completely degradated by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I within 40 min under UV light irradiation, and the photodegradation efficiency reaches to 60% after 7 h solar irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) was also investigated under visible light irradiation. It is found that 99% BPA could be mineralized by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I after 16 h visible light irradiation. Through HPLC/MS, BOD, TOC, UV-Vis measurements, we determined possible degradation products of MO and BPA. The results indicated that MO was degradated into products which are easier to be biodegradable and innocuous treated, and BPA could be mineralized completely. Furthermore, the possibility for the photosensitization effect in the degradation process of MO under visible light irradiation has been excluded.     

DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据在城镇体系空间格局研究中的应用与评价——以近16年江西省间城镇空间格局为例

通过分析1994～2009年16 a逐年DMSP/OLS的静态平均灯光数据的DN值分布情况,考虑实际空间格局分布数据需求和数据质量,选择1994、2000、2005、2009年4个年度为代表,进行江西省城镇空间格局分布应用研究,并对数据质量进行评价。结果表明：1994～2009年度江西省城镇建设用地总量数值尽管与统计数据之间存在一定的波动,但总体扩展趋势基本一致;在城镇化增长速度上,2000～2005年比1994～2000年大29.53%,2005～2009年比1994～2000年大4357%,说明江西省城镇化发展正逐步提速,并有加快发展的趋势;景观指数分析表明江西省城镇化扩张过程中,面积越来越大,城镇间聚集度越来越高,相互影响也越来越大;城镇化形状越来越复杂;城镇间联系越来越紧密,破碎度逐步减小,城镇斑块形状变化逐步加大,发展无序程度加重。最后,针对江西省城镇空间格局发展现状,研究提出了积极发展中型城市、集约化发展特大城市、稳步扩大小城镇发展规模的建议     

利用盐泥制取轻质氧化镁

采用二氧化碳法提取盐泥中的镁,研究了使之转化为轻质氧化镁的影响因素以及主要反应的动力学性质。实验确定的最佳条件为固液比1∶15、二氧化碳通入时间90min、水解温度90℃、水解时间25min,在此条件下,盐泥中镁的总提取率为75%;采用微分法求得氢氧化镁与二氧化碳反应的反应级数和活化能分别为1.7和68.1kJ/mol。