光照时间对外源性磷在模拟水生态系统中迁移的影响

采用同位素示踪法,模拟研究不同光照时间对外源性无机磷酸盐在水体,铜绿微囊蓝细菌和底泥中迁移的影响.外源性磷在加入水体后先是一种物理化学的快速分配,然后其在水体中的迁移主要受微囊蓝细菌的生长状况的影响.延长光照时间能加快微囊蓝细菌的生长速率和提高微囊蓝细菌的密度.水体中外源性磷的浓度随时间下降,蓝细菌中外源性磷的最大浓度与光照时间无关,只有蓝细菌中超积累了一定数量的外源性磷,随后的对数生长就与细胞磷的含量无关.延长光照时间能增加微囊蓝细菌中总的外源性磷数量,随着蓝细菌的衰亡,外源性磷不断向底泥迁移,最终绝大部分外源性磷都迁移到底泥中.     

基于多源遥感信息的人为热排放量空间化——以浙江省为例

基于自上而下能源清单法,主要考虑工业、交通、建筑和人体新陈代谢这4个热源对人为热的贡献,估算了2010年浙江省68个县市的人为热排放总量.使用DMSP/OLS遥感夜间灯光数据以及阈值法提取出人为热排放的主要区域,并有效减少夜灯像元溢出效应的影响.利用夜间灯光数据和增强型植被指数(EVI)构建人居指数,基于各市县人为热排放总量与其行政区范围内人居指数累计值之间很强的相关关系建立人为热排放量空间化模型,获得了250m分辨率下浙江省2010年城市人为热通量的空间分布.结果显示浙江省各县市的平均人为热排放通量为5.5W/m²,城市高值区一般介于10~40W/m².栅格化的人为热数据可以为城市气候环境的数值模拟研究提供基础数据支持.     

Degradation of gaseous 1,2-dichloroethane using a hybrid cuprous oxide catalyst

A hybrid catalyst (CZ50) of cuprous oxide and zeolite was prepared and used in a catalytic system in which gaseous 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) was degraded. The effects of relative humidity (15 and 65%) and wavelength of irradiation (ultraviolet, blue, green and red light) on the degradation of 1,2-DCE were studied. The experimental results reveal that the hybrid catalyst degraded the hazardous material under visible light. A comparison of the results obtained under ultraviolet and red irradiation at a relative humidity of 15% revealed almost equal degradation efficiencies of 83.8 and 82.2%, respectively. In the system with hybrid catalysts, a lower relative humidity favored 1,2-DCE degradation, indicating that relative humidity critically affects the degradation of hazardous materials. The most important result was that the intermediates of the degradation of 1,2-DCE included ethane, carbon dioxide, and formic acid yielded, which are mostly harmless and non-toxic materials. The experimental results indicated that the method could effectively be used to degrade hazardous materials to provide a healthy and safe environment for workers.     

温度、光照和磷酸盐脉冲输入对三角褐指藻的交互影响

研究了光照和温度联合作用下磷酸盐脉冲输入对三角褐指藻生长的影响.结果表明随着温度的升高,磷酸盐脉冲输入频率对三角褐指藻生长的影响趋于显著,连续添加磷酸盐和低频脉冲更有利于三角褐指藻快速增长,但较高的光照强度[125μmol/(m2×s)]和较高的温度(18℃、25℃)同时作用将抑制三角褐指藻的磷酸盐吸收能力.研究证实了温度、光照和脉冲对三角褐指藻的生长存在交互影响.     

基于光补偿深度的蠡湖沉水植物恢复区划分

为分析蠡湖沉水植物恢复的光补偿深度和透明度条件,根据2012年4月和2013年4月蠡湖水下PAR(光合有效辐射)强度、ρ(SS)、透明度等监测数据以及沉水植物相关资料,探讨了沉水植物光补偿深度的空间分布特征及其影响因素. 结果表明:水下PAR强度随水深呈指数递减,α(光衰减系数)在0.97~6.04 m-1之间变化;光补偿深度空间分布格局均表现为西蠡湖大于东蠡湖、沿岸大于湖心的趋势,并且与水体透明度呈显著正相关;狐尾藻、金鱼藻、菹草、黑藻、苦草的光补偿深度及水体真光层深度分别是透明度的1.83、1.92、2.05、2.12、2.57和3.04倍. 回归分析表明,光补偿深度主要受ρ(SS)影响,其次为ρ(Chla). 以沉水植物群落光补偿深度(水体真光层深度)与水深的比值作为划分沉水植物群落恢复区域的参考依据,将蠡湖水域初步划分为“适宜区”“过渡区”和“暂不适宜区”,其中“适宜区”占蠡湖水域面积的29%.      

Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds

Near-term ecological forecasting has the potential to mitigate negative impacts of human modifications on wildlife by directing efficient action through relevant and timely predictions. We used the U.S. avian migration system to highlight ecological forecasting applications for aeroconservation. We used millions of observations from 143 weather surveillance radars to construct and evaluate a migration forecasting system for nocturnal bird migration over the contiguous United States. We identified the number of nights of mitigation required to reduce the risk of aerial hazards to 50% of avian migrants passing a given area in spring and autumn based on dynamic forecasts of migration activity. We also investigated an alternative approach, that is, employing a fixed conservation strategy based on time windows that historically capture 50% of migratory passage. In practice, during both spring and autumn, dynamic forecasts required fewer action nights compared with fixed window selection at all locations (spring: mean of 7.3 more alert days; fall: mean of 12.8 more alert days). This pattern resulted in part from the pulsed nature of bird migration captured in the radar data, where the majority (54.3%) of birds move on 10% of a migration season's nights. Our results highlight the benefits of near-term ecological forecasting and the potential advantages of dynamic mitigation strategies over static ones, especially in the face of increasing risks to migrating birds from light pollution, wind energy infrastructure, and collisions with structures.     

当代的新污染--光污染

对当代的新污染——光污染的分类、特点及危害进行了论述,并提出一些解决措施。     

表面隔油膜对轻质固体灭火剂隔热性能的影响

通过对自行研制的轻质固体灭火剂隔热性能的测试 ,研究了表面隔油膜对隔热性能的影响。发现表面膜的存在在一定程度上降低了灭火剂的隔热性能 ,但一定厚度的灭火剂的隔热性能能满足隔热灭火的需要     

WATER QUALITY STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The physical limnology of three modern wastewater stabilization ponds serving a small community in Minnesota was investigated over a 1-year period (July 1989 - October 1990). Water temperatures and associated meteorological parameters were recorded continuously; underwater light, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Secchi depth were measured intermittently (about weekly). Measurements of nutrients and planktonic species were made by other investigators. Water quality stratification dynamics were studied by analyzing variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH distributions with time and over depth. Intermittent stratification and mixing of the shallow waste stabilization ponds (1–2 m deep) were documented and related to weather. The strong response of the ponds to seasonal and daily weather variations was observed. Three types of pond stratification conditions have been identified: (1) completely mixed during consecutive day and night, (2) stratified during the day and well-mixed during the night, and (3) continuously stratified during day and night. A diurnal cycle of stratification dynamics was first noticed in late April and persisted through summer and into fall. Differences in light attenuation and hence temperature stratification and DO distribution between pond 1 (primary), pond 2 (second primary) and pond 3 (secondary) in the wastewater treatment system were documented and related to different waste loading conditions. Temperature stratification affects chemical, microbial, and planktonic processes in the ponds. Results presented in this paper can be used to provide guidance for water quality sampling in monitoring of pond performance. Information on true mixing conditions is also needed to gain better understanding of important factors affecting pond operation, and for process simulations and reactor modeling of waste stabilization ponds.     

IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR CLEAR WATER FISHES EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVELY CLOUDY WATER1

ABSTRACT: A new type of empirical model described here enables real time assessment of impacts caused by excessive water cloudiness as a function of (a) reduced visual clarity (excessive cloudiness) and (b) duration of exposure to cloudy conditions, in fisheries or fish life stages adapted to life in clear water ecosystems. This model takes the familiar form used in earlier suspended sediment dose effect models where z is severity of ill effect (SEV), x is duration of exposure (h), y is black disk sighting range (y BD, m)—a measure of water clarity, a is the intercept, and b and c are slope coefficients. As calibrated in this study the model is Severity of ill effect is ranked on a 15‐step scale that ranges from 0 to 14, where zero represents nil effect and 14 represents 100 percent mortality. This model, based on peer consultation and limited meta analysis of peer reviewed reports, accomplishes the following: (a) identifies the threshold of the onset of ill effects among clear water fishes; (b) postulates the rate at which serious ill effects are likely to escalate as a function of reduced visual clarity and persistence; (c) provides a context (the “visual clarity” matrix, with its cell coordinates) to share and compare information about impacts as a function of visual clarity “climate” (d) demonstrates changes in predator prey interactions at exposures greater than and less than the threshold of direct ill effects; (e) calibrates trout reactive distance (cm) as function of water clarity in the form where y represents reactive distance (cm) and x represents visual clarity (black disk sighting range, cm), and where a and b are intercept and slope respectively, such that (f) identifies black disk sighting range, in meters, and its reciprocal, beam attenuation, as preferred monitoring variables; and (g) provides two additional optical quality variables (Secchi disk extinction distance and turbidity) which, suitably calibrated as they have been in this study, expand the range of monitoring options in situations in which the preferred technology—beam attenuation equipment or black disk sighting equipment—is unavailable or impractical to use. This new model demonstrates the efficacy of peer collaboration and defines new research horizons for its refinement.