油品储运系统硫化氢的危害与应对措施

介绍了中国石化长岭分公司油品储运系统中硫化氢的危害情况,包括人身伤害、设备腐蚀、部件破坏、环境污染等,针对存在的问题提出防范与改造措施,达到了安全生产与环境的要求。     

光量子分解技术在污水处理站臭气污染治理中的应用

本文通过蒙牛乳业包头有限责任公司污水处理站臭气治理工程的实践,分析污水处理站臭气污染的成因、除臭工艺的原理,完善了除臭工艺设计和参数,从经济性和运行可靠性方面总结了光量子分解臭气装置在实际应用方面的优劣。     

pH及光照对两种赤潮甲藻种群生长和胞外碳酸酐酶活性的影响

研究了pH和光照强度对两种赤潮甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense和Karlodinium micrum)的种群生长及其胞外碳酸酐酶(CA)活性的影响。结果表明,pH 7.5、光照强度30μmol/(m2.s)是两种微藻的最适种群生长条件,在种群生长的最适pH和光照强度下,胞外CA活性最大。最适培养条件下,两种甲藻胞外碳酸酐酶活性随着种群生长周期而变化,指数生长期至平台期CA酶活增加,平台期至衰退期CA酶活降低,平台期胞外CA活性最大。     

光催化剂Bi3.84W0.16O6.24在模拟太阳光下对双酚A的降解

采用水热合成法在pH12的条件下合成圆片状Bi3.84W0.16O6.24催化剂.通过XRD、FESEM、TEM、UV-vis漫反射等表征分析Bi3.84W0.16O6.24的物相、形貌和吸光性能.以双酚A(BPA)为目标污染物,研究了Bi3.84W0.16O6.24在模拟太阳光辐射下的光催化反应活性.设计L18(37)正交试验研究了BPA初始浓度、催化剂投入量、反应溶液pH值以及光催化反应时间对Bi3.84W0.16O6.24光催化降解BPA的影响.正交试验的极差和方差分析结果表明,BPA初始浓度和反应时间影响非常显著,催化剂用量影响显著,反应溶液pH值影响不显著,初始浓度和催化剂量的交互作用很小.在BPA初始浓度为20mg/L、催化剂量2g/L、反应溶液pH7、反应时间为90min的条件下Bi3.84W0.16O6.24对BPA去除率达99.5%,TOC去除率为86.0%,BPA的降解符合一级反应动力学.     

Photoelectrochemical degradation of Methylene Blue with -PbO2 electrodes driven by visible light irradiation

-PbO2 electrodes were prepared by electro-deposition and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and linear sweep voltammetry. We confirmed pure -PbO2 crystals were on the electrode and it had a high oxygen evolution potential. The photoactivity and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the -PbO2 electrode were investigated under visible light irradiation ( > 420 nm) for the decolorization of Methylene Blue. Pseudo first-order kinetics parameter (Kapp) for dye decolorization using the -PbO2 electrode achieved 6.71×10?4 min?1 under visible light irradiation, which indicated its excellent visible light-induced photoactivity. The Kapp of the PEC process was as much as 1.41×10?3 min?1 and was 1.71 times that of visible light irradiation or electrolysis even in the presence of the -PbO2 electrode. A significant synergetic effect was observed in the PEC system. We also employed TiO2 modified -PbO2 electrodes in this test, which revealed that the TiO2 immobilized on the -PbO2 electrode inhibited the visible light-induced PEC efficiency despite the amount of TiO2 used for electrode preparation. The -PbO2 electrode was also superior to the dimensionally stable anode (Ti/Ru0:3Ti0:7O2) in visible light-induced photoactivity and PEC efficiency.     

Examining driver behavior using data gathered from red light photo enforcement cameras

INTRODUCTION: To develop an effective driver assistance system that can prevent red light violations, it is important to have a thorough understanding of contributing factors and circumstances surrounding such violations. METHODS: Red light violation behavior was examined using about 47,000 violation records that were captured by photo enforcement cameras from 11 signalized intersections in the city of Sacramento, California, over a four-year period. This examination identified factors with strong correlation to red light running behavior. RESULTS: Key findings based on Sacramento's red light violation records include: (a) younger drivers showed a higher tendency of running the red light and were more likely to commit such a violation at speeds above the posted speed limit; (b) off-peak time period between 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. had lower violation counts, but red light violators in this time frame had a higher propensity of racing through intersections at high speeds; (c) also during the time period between 8 p.m. to 5 a.m., violators showed a higher probability of entering intersections two or more seconds after the onset of red light; and (d) violators were less likely to cross high traffic-volume intersections with speeds greater than the posted speed limit. DISCUSSION: Sacramento's data suggest that some red light violators might have committed such an offense unintentionally. The top three violation speeds were all below 20 mph and more than 94% of red light runners crossed intersections within 2 seconds after the onset of the red light. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: In the next several years, studies will be executed to assess whether a red light violation warning system can reduce "unintentional red light running" such as drivers who made incorrect judgment regarding the adequate time to clear the intersection and inattentive motorists who fail to observe the presence and status of the red light.     

Refinery wastewater degradation with titanium dioxide,zinc oxide,and hydrogen peroxide in a photocatalytic reactor

This paper presents the photo-catalytic degradation of real refinery wastewater from National Refinery Limited (NRL) in Karachi, Pakistan, using TiO₂, ZnO, and H₂O₂. The pretreatment of the refinery effluent was carried out on site and pretreated samples were tested at 32–37 °C in a stirrer bath reactor by using ultra-violet photo oxidation process. The degradation of wastewater was measured as a change in initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and with time. Optimal conditions were obtained for catalyst type, and pH. The titanium dioxide proved to be very effective catalysts in photo-catalytic degradation of real refinery wastewater. The maximum degradation achieved was 40.68% by using TiO₂ at 37 °C and pH of 4, within 120 min of irradiations. When TiO₂ was combined with H₂O₂ the degradation decreased to 25.35%. A higher reaction rate was found for titanium dioxide. The results indicate that for real refinery wastewater, TiO₂ is comparatively more effective than ZnO and H₂O₂. The experiments indicated that first-order kinetics can successfully describe the photo-catalytic reaction. The ANOVA results for the model showed satisfactory and reasonable adjustment of the second-order regression model with the experimental data. The ANOVA results also showed that pH is significant than reaction time and catalyst dosage of TiO₂; and in case of ZnO, reaction time is significant than pH and catalyst dosage. This study proves that real refinery wastewater reacts differently than synthetic refinery wastewater, oil field produced water or oil water industrial effluent.     

北京城区PM_(2.5)不同组分构成特征及其对大气消光系数的贡献

为研究北京城区PM2.5不同组分对大气消光系数的贡献率,于2013年10月—2014年8月使用3台PQ200采样器在北京市环境保护科学研究院采集PM2.5样品并进行质量重建,采用IMPROVE方程计算大气消光系数并分析各组分的贡献率.结果表明:1北京城区ρ(PM2.5)年均值为(90.3±8.1)μg/m3,相比2005年有所下降,颗粒物呈弱碱性,NH4+略有剩余.2PM2.5质量重建后,化学构成为OM〔32.1%,为ρ(OM)占ρ(PM2.5)比例,下同〕、NO3-(13.6%)、SO42-(13.9%)、NH4+(11.1%)、Cl-(3.8%)、其他离子(4.0%)、EC(元素碳,5.0%)、FS(土壤尘,8.9%)、微量元素(1.3%)和未知物质(6.7%);与2005年相比,OM、NO3-、NH4+等二次污染物质量浓度占ρ(PM2.5)比例均显著增加,ρ(水溶性离子)占ρ(PM2.5)的比例随空气污染加重而增加.3北京城区大气消光系数年均值为(504.6±49.3)Mm-1,OM、(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3、EC和FS的贡献率分别为37.5%、28.3%、25.2%、7.6%和1.4%;冬季由于ρ(PM2.5)高,大气消光系数最高,为(589±124.3)Mm-1,约是春季的2倍;夏季由于相对湿度大,PM2.5吸湿粒径增大,大气消光系数仅次于冬季.OM对大气消光系数贡献率为冬季最高,而(NH4)2SO4的贡献率在冬夏季均大于NH4NO3.     

掺氮Ta2O5诱发可见光-类Fenton体系降解阿特拉津研究

通过制备具有强可见光吸收和活性的半导体掺氮Ta2O5,利用其可见光Fe3+还原活性,实现了可见光-类Fenton体系有效地降解阿特拉津.结果表明,氨气流量0.3 L.min-1、700℃氮化时间6 h制备出的掺氮Ta2O5在可见光下还原Fe3+的能力最佳;阿特拉津降解效果与各种操作条件———光强、催化剂投加量、Fe3+、H2O2、阿特拉津初始浓度及pH值有关,并通过H2O2的分解揭示影响的原因.在pH为2.6、[atrazine]0=18 mg.L-1、[H2O2]0=2.5 mmol.L-1、[Fe3+]0=0.5 mmol.L-1、掺氮Ta2O5投加量为0.6 g.L-1、500 W氙灯照射下,反应60 min时,阿特拉津的降解率为97%.该研究为可见光-类Fenton体系降解有机污染物的实际应用提供了基础数据和理论指导.     

多相光催化反应器中紫外光辐射能分布的研究

研究了多相光催化反应器中紫外光辐射能量的分布 ,其测试系统主要为光导纤维 光栅光谱仪 .结果表明 ,紫外光辐射相对能量在多相光催化反应器中轴向和径向的分布是不均匀的 ,轴向的能量分布是中轴处能量最大 ,远离中轴能量逐渐减弱 ;径向的能量分布是随着径向远离光源而逐渐减弱 .光催化剂对紫外光辐射能的吸收和阻挡作用较大 ,微孔曝气对光辐射能量的衰减影响较小 .光辐射相对能量衰减可用一指数方程表示