多相光催化反应器中紫外光辐射能分布的研究

研究了多相光催化反应器中紫外光辐射能量的分布 ,其测试系统主要为光导纤维 光栅光谱仪 .结果表明 ,紫外光辐射相对能量在多相光催化反应器中轴向和径向的分布是不均匀的 ,轴向的能量分布是中轴处能量最大 ,远离中轴能量逐渐减弱 ;径向的能量分布是随着径向远离光源而逐渐减弱 .光催化剂对紫外光辐射能的吸收和阻挡作用较大 ,微孔曝气对光辐射能量的衰减影响较小 .光辐射相对能量衰减可用一指数方程表示     

国产轻质陶粒用于厌氧滤池的特性研究

对国产轻质球形陶粒的理化性能、挂膜特性及用于塔式厌氧生物滤池处理有机废水的效果进行了研究 ,表明该种填料适于作厌氧微生物载体。在进水 CODCr为 3 0 0～ 40 0 0 mg/L、CODCr去除率≥ 70 %时 ,CODCr容积负荷为 1.3 8～ 8.0 kg CODCr/(m3·d)。尤为突出的是 ,对于处理 CODCr≤ 3 0 0 mg/L的低浓度有机废水 ,当水力负荷为 2 .12 m3/(m2 · d)时 ,CODCr容积负荷达到 1.3 8kg CODCr/(m3· d) ,CODCr去除率≥ 70 %。     

轻烃类VOCs在活性炭上的动态吸附行为

采用BET,XRD,FTIR技术对两类椰壳活性炭进行了表征,考察了空速和吸附温度对正戊烷和正己烷动态吸附穿透容量(DPC)及穿透时间的影响,并对正戊烷和正己烷的二元竞争吸附过程进行了研究。结果表明:两类活性炭材料的组成和官能团结构相似,具有大量微孔的片状活性炭(FAC)有利于轻烃类VOCs的吸附;采用FAC吸附正己烷时,DPC对空速和温度变化不敏感;二元竞争吸附过程中,开始阶段正戊烷和正己烷同时被吸附,随后已被吸附的正戊烷被强吸附质正己烷部分置换,直至正己烷吸附饱和,与一元吸附相比,正己烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量略有增加,正戊烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量大幅降低。     

二氧化钛/石墨烯气凝胶的制备及其可见光催化性能

以不同m（氧化石墨）∶V（钛酸四丁酯）的氧化石墨和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用一步水热还原法制备4种TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶。采用XRD谱图、FESEM照片、拉曼光谱谱图和能谱谱图对样品的结构、形貌、组成元素进行了表征分析。以溶液中罗丹明B的降解率作为评价指标,考察了4种TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶的可见光催化性能。实验结果表明：随着氧化石墨含量的增加,石墨烯对TiO₂的包覆变好,石墨烯与TiO₂ 成功复合形成三维气凝胶;罗丹明B在TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶体系中的光催化降解反应属于一级反应,4种TiO₂/石墨烯气凝胶对罗丹明B的最高降解率和反应速率分别是纯TiO₂体系的4.5倍和9.9倍,实现了TiO₂的可见光催化。     

Correlation of Black Smoke and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Through Field Testing of in-Use Diesel Vehicles

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) uses water clarity as a water quality indicator for integrated assessments of coastal waters. After the publication of the first National Coastal Condition Report (USEPA, 2001c), the national water clarity reference value of 10% of ambient surface light at 1~m depth was reevaluated and modified to reflect expected differences in regional reference light conditions. These regional differences range from naturally turbid estuaries like those found in Mississippi and Louisiana to clear water estuaries expected to support extensive beds of submerged aquatic vegetation in, e.g., Florida and Tampa Bays. For the second National Coastal Condition Report, water clarity was assessed based on regional reference values (USEPA, 2004). Different regional water clarity reference values and data collection methods necessitated the development of a water clarity index based on light attenuation coefficients (k). This index incorporates regional reference conditions and is interchangeable with secchi depth and percent light transmission calculated from light meter measurements. Evaluation of the water clarity index shows that k values based on transmissivity at 1~m can be estimated from secchi depth measurements and successfully used as a surrogate for transmissivity calculated from light meter data. An approach for assessing water clarity in Gulf of Mexico estuaries using light meter data and secchi depth is presented.     

酸雨环境对轻质土的工程性质的影响

酸雨是在大气环境发生变化后引起的环境污染之一,其特征是分布范围广、作用时间长。轻质土作为一种新型的地基基础材料,在建设工程具有广泛的应用前景。探讨酸雨环境对轻质土工程性质的影响,对于掌握轻质土的基本特性具有重要意义。     

Field surveys for potential ozone bioindicator plant species in Argentina

In Argentina no historical or present programs exist specifically assessing ecosystem health with respect to photochemical air pollution, although phytotoxic concentrations of near-ground ozone have been documented in recent years. Here we report our preliminary findings on field observations of ozone-like injury found in natural plant populations and agroecosystems late in the 2005 growing season in the Southern Hemisphere. Several possible ozone bioinidicator plants which have not been previously documented were observed to exhibit foliar symptoms consistent with ozone-induced injury. Based on these results we intend to expand field surveys and complete the screening process for injury confirmation of the plant species described here. For this and future research we will be using controlled chamber studies based in the US. Continuous monitoring of tropospheric ozone does not currently take place in the region of central Argentina. The combined evidence provided by intermittent air quality sampling and the presence of ozone-like injury to vegetation indicates the need to establish air quality and ozone biomonitoring networks in this region.     

透明Cl-TiO2水分散液的制备及其可见光降解甲苯和灭菌的性能

开发具有高稳定性和高可见光活性的光催化剂透明分散液对光催化材料的实际应用至关重要.本文采用非水解溶胶凝胶法制备了透明Cl掺杂TiO₂分散液(Cl-TiO₂).该分散液经过60 d仍能保持稳定,没有颗粒沉降.与商用P25、PEG400-TiO₂相比,Cl-TiO₂具有最优的可见光降解甲苯的光催化活性,并且具有良好的循环稳定性.Cl-TiO₂在可见光下同时具有优异的灭菌效果,对大肠杆菌的灭菌率达到98.75%.其优异的可见光响应性归因于Cl掺杂增强了对可见光的吸收,提高了电子空穴的分离效率.Cl-TiO₂水分散液良好的稳定性得益于表面带有的电荷以及较小的水合粒径.这项工作为光催化剂用于改善室内环境提供了新策略.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

一株椭圆小球藻对微囊藻生长的竞争抑制研究

采用Chl b/Chl a比值指示2种藻相对数量的方法研究了一株椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)与铜绿微囊藻(M icrocystis aeruginosa)之间的生长竞争关系。结果表明,分别在20和30℃条件下,BG-11培养基中和发生水华的天然湖水中小球藻的生长均远高于微囊藻。在低光照下,小球藻也同样具有较高的生长竞争能力。小球藻不是通过产生毒害物质而获得生长竞争优势,2种藻对氮磷吸收利用的研究结果显示:在高氮含量的BG-11培养基中,2种藻对氮的利用无显著差异,但小球藻对磷的吸收能力远高于微囊藻;将BG-11培养基中氮含量减少至原来的1/10,与微囊藻相比,小球藻对氮磷均具有较高的吸收。可见,小球藻是通过竞争氮磷营养而抑制微囊藻生长。因此,利用椭圆小球藻的种间生长竞争优势来抑制微囊藻具有潜在的可利用性。