Photocatalytic degradation of the diazo dye naphthol blue black in water using MWCNT/Gd,N,S-TiO2 nanocomposites under simulated solar light

A simple sol–gel method was employed to prepare gadolinium, nitrogen and sulphur tridoped titania decorated on oxidised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT/Gd,N,S-TiO₂), using titanium (IV) butoxide and thiourea as titanium and nitrogen and sulphur source, respectively. Samples of varying gadolinium loadings (0.2%, 0.6%, 1.0% and 3.0% Gd^3 +) relative to titania were prepared to investigate the effect of gadolinium loading and the amounts of carbon nanotubes, nitrogen and sulphur were kept constant for all the samples. Furthermore, the prepared nanocomposites were evaluated for the degradation of naphthol blue black (NBB) in water under simulated solar light irradiation. Higher degradation efficiency (95.7%) was recorded for the MWCNT/Gd,N,S-TiO₂ (0.6% Gd) nanocomposites. The higher photocatalytic activity is attributed to the combined effect of improved visible light absorption and charge separation due to the synergistic effect of Gd, MWCNTs, N, S and TiO₂. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis revealed a higher degree of complete mineralisation of naphthol blue black (78.0% TOC removal) which minimises the possible formation of toxic degradation by-products such as the aromatic amines. The MWCNT/Gd,N,S-TiO₂ (0.6% Gd) was fairly stable and could be re-used for five times, reaching a maximum degradation efficiency of 91.8% after the five cycles.     

Co/N/S共掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及其可见光催化活性

为提高纳米TiO2的可见光催化活性,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一种掺杂型纳米可见光催化剂Co/N/S/TiO2,并用正交试验法对其制备工艺进行了优化;用紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等方法对其吸光性能和结构进行了表征;以活性艳蓝X-BR溶液为光降解模型,对其可见光催化活性进行了评价,并与Degussa P25进行对比.结果表明,在Co:N:S:Ti物质的量比为0.15:0.2:0.2:1、煅烧温度为400℃、煅烧时间为1h的最佳制备条件下,所制得的Co/N/S/TiO2光催化剂为单一锐钛矿晶相,平均粒径为8～ 10 nm,比表面积约为192.19 m2/g.Co/N/S/TiO2光催化剂吸收边可红移至近900 nm,可见光催化活性突出,在纯粹可见光(λ＞400 nm)下光解活性艳蓝X-BR溶液120 min的降解率可达91.5％,与Degussa P25相比,其可见光催化活性提高了80.1％,且重复使用性能良好.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,photodegradation kinetics and photocatalytic activity of novel photocatalyst ZnBiYO4

ZnBiYO₄ was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method for the first time. The structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnBiYO₄ were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance. ZnBiYO₄ crystallized with a tetragonal spinel structure with space group I41/A. The lattice parameters for ZnBiYO₄ were a = b = 11.176479 Å and c = 10.014323 Å. The band gap of ZnBiYO₄ was estimated to be 1.58 eV. The photocatalytic activity of ZnBiYO₄ was assessed by photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results showed that ZnBiYO₄ had higher catalytic activity compared with N-doped TiO₂ under the same experimental conditions using visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with ZnBiYO₄ or N-doped TiO₂ as catalyst followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the first-order rate constant was 0.01575 and 0.00416 min^− 1 for ZnBiYO₄ and N-doped TiO₂, respectively. After visible light irradiation for 220 min with ZnBiYO₄ as catalyst, complete removal and mineralization of methyl orange were observed. The reduction of total organic carbon, formation of inorganic products, SO₄^2 − and NO₃⁻, and evolution of CO₂ revealed the continuous mineralization of methyl orange during the photocatalytic process. The intermediate products were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The ZnBiYO₄/(visible light) photocatalysis system was found to be suitable for textile industry wastewater treatment and could be used to solve other environmental chemical pollution problems.     

磷限制下光照和温度对水华鱼腥藻生长动力学的影响

磷、光照和温度是淡水水体藻类生长的关键环境因素,但磷限制下光照、温度交互对藻类生长动力学的影响鲜有报道.以水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flosaquae)为研究对象,通过机制实验与模拟分析,发现光照条件恒定,磷限制下水华鱼腥藻的最适生长温度为20℃;温度条件恒定,磷限制下水华鱼腥藻的最适生长光照度为3 000 lx;但光照度过高,超过水华鱼腥藻光饱和点会抑制鱼腥藻的生长,生物积累量显著减少.通过拟合模型可知光热交互作用下水华鱼腥藻最适温度、光照度分别为21.03℃±1.55℃、2 675.12 lx±262.93 lx,该参数值接近春末夏初水体实际的光热条件.模型将为进一步预测水华鱼腥藻水华提供重要基础.     

两种空气自动监测系统的比较

国产长光程空气自动监测系统是中国自行研制的更为先进、更具自动化的系统，24h点式仪器是老式空气检测仪器，对这两种新、老仪器的比较可以看出在运行过程中的利弊。     

Photocatalytic degradation of p,p′-DDT under UV and visible light using interstitial N-doped TiO2

1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (or p,p′-DDT) is one of the most persistent pesticides. It is resistant to breakdown in nature and cause the water contamination problem. In this work, a major objective was to demonstrate the application of N-doped TiO₂ in degradation and mineralization of the p,p′-DDT under UV and visible light in aqueous solution. The N-doped TiO₂ nanopowders were prepared by a simple modified sol–gel procedure using diethanolamine (DEA) as a nitrogen source. The catalyst characteristics were investigated using XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS. The adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of p,p′-DDT using the synthesized N-doped TiO₂ under UV and visible light were conducted in a batch photocatalytic experiment. The kinetics and p,p′-DDT degradation performance of the N-doped TiO₂ were evaluated. Results show that the N-doped TiO₂ can degrade p,p′-DDT effectively under both UV and visible lights. The rate constant of the p,p′-DDT degradation under UV light was only 0.0121 min^?1, whereas the rate constant of the p,p′-DDT degradation under visible light was 0.1282 min^?1. Under visible light, the 100% degradation of p,p′-DDT were obtained from N-doped TiO₂ catalyst. The reaction rate of p,p′-DDT degradation using N-doped TiO₂ under visible light was sixfold higher than that under UV light. According to Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) for the N-doped TiO₂ under visible light was 0.03078 L mg^?1, and the apparent reaction rate constant (k) was 1.3941 mg L^?1-min. Major intermediates detected during the p,p′-DDT degradation were p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDD. Results from this work can be applied further for the breakdown of p,p′-DDT molecule in the real contaminated water using this technology.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of propoxur in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions

Abstract

The photocatalytic oxidation of propoxur, a nitrogen‐containing pesticide, has been investigated using aqueous TiO₂ suspensions as catalyst in this study. The operating variables considered in the study were initial pH, temperature, [H₂O₂] and TiO₂ loading. Results showed that 1 g/l of TiO₂ was the optimum dosage for oxidizing propoxur in this system. Hydrogen peroxide can increase the oxidation rate with increasing its initial concentration. There was no obvious difference in the rate of propoxur oxidation at the initial pH of 4, 6 and 9, and the final pHs of reaction solutions were around 5.5. However, propoxur degraded slower at initial pH 2, and the pH did not vary during the period of photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic oxidation of propoxur using TiO₂ suspensions as the photocatalyst was reaction‐controlled as indicated by the activation energy.     

不同季节生态型大白菜光合作用对夏季高温强光的响应

分别以春季品种强势、夏季品种夏珍白1号和秋季品种鲁白8号大白菜（Brassica campestrisL.ssp.Pekinesis(Lour)Olsson）为试材，研究了不同季节生态型大白菜在莲座末期或结球初期，叶片光合作用对夏季高温、强光胁迫的响应。结果表明，不同季节生态型大白菜在高温、强光下的光合特性存在明显差异，夏珍白1号的光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）的极值明显高于强势和鲁白8号，光合“午休“现象较轻；中午12：00时光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率（Fv/Fm）夏珍白1号、强势较高，鲁白8号较低；室内人工控制高温、强光下，夏珍白1号的光合速率较高，鲁白8号较低；利用直线方程求得大白菜的温度补偿点为55℃左右，品种略有差异，夏珍白1号（56.97℃）高于强势（54.81℃）和鲁白8号（54.40℃）。图5参13。     

悬浮泥沙对蓝藻光合及细胞化学计量的影响

选取水华微囊藻Microcystis flos-aquae为实验材料,在含不同浓度的悬浮泥沙中培养,测定其光合特性和胞内营养元素含量.结果显示,除低浓度悬浮泥沙组外,水华微囊藻比生长速率和chla浓度均低于对照组,且随着时间的延长,含泥沙组水华微囊藻的光合活性F_v/F_m显著下降.水华微囊藻的最大放氧速率P_m和光饱和点I_k随着泥沙浓度的增加而减小,而暗呼吸速率R_d和光抑制作用β显著升高.此外,随着泥沙浓度的升高,水华微囊藻单位细胞C和P含量显著降低,而单位细胞N含量略微升高;由于胞内P含量变化较大,导致N/P比和C/P比显著升高,而C/chla比值随泥沙浓度的增加呈下降的趋势.由此可见,悬浮泥沙虽然因光衰减效应减少了水华微囊藻胞内C含量以及能量供给,但微囊藻通过调节自身生理机能和代谢策略,优先补给C和提高N的合成,节约P合成的能量,通过调节胞内C：N：P储存的优化分配,以适应含悬浮泥沙的外界环境维持生长.     

In situ preparation of g-C3N4/polyaniline hybrid composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance

The graphic carbon nitride/polyaniline (g-C₃N₄/PANI) hybrid composites were successfully synthesized by a facile in situ polymerization process under ice water bath. The photocatalytic activities of the g-C₃N₄/PANI composites were evaluated by using oxytetracycline (OTC) as model pollutants. The optimal g-C₃N₄/PANI composite (5%PANI: the g-C₃N₄/PANI hybrid with 5 wt.% of PANI) showed an enhancement degradation rate of 5-fold compared to that of conventional g-C₃N₄ under simulated-sunlight irradiation. In addition, the 5%PANI demonstrate significantly photocatalytic evolution H₂ rate (163.2 μmol/(g?hr)) under the visible light irradiation. Furthermore, based on the results of optical performance and electrochemical testing, a possible mechanism was proposed, indicating that the incorporation of PANI into the traditional g-C₃N₄ can effectively tune the electronic structures, improve the photo-generated electrons-holes separation and enhance extensive absorption of visible light. Such a g-C₃N₄/PANI hybrid nanocomposites could be envisaged to possess great potentials in practical wastewater treatment and water splitting.