我国节能灯行业推行清洁生产的问题及措施研究

清洁生产是解决节能灯推广过程中汞污染问题的最佳途径,然而节能灯行业在清洁生产开展过程中存在一系列的问题.通过文献研究和实地调研,对目前节能灯行业推行清洁生产存在的问题进行了分析和总结,并针对这些问题,从国家、社会和企业不同层面提出了相应的建议与措施.     

不同酸碱条件下光合细菌的生长产氢特性

为了解光合细菌的产氢机理,对沼泽红假单胞光合产氢菌CQK-01在光生物平板反应器中进行序批次培养,以470 nm LED灯提供连续光照,葡萄糖为碳源底物,研究不同初始酸碱条件下产氢光合细菌的生长特性、产氢特性以及能量转化效率.结果表明,在弱碱性条件下最适宜产氢光合细菌的生长;在反应液为酸性条件下,光合细菌具有较高的产氢量、产氢速率和能量转化效率,然而产氢纯度随着初始pH值的增大而升高;在温度30℃、光照强度1 000lx、底物浓度75 mmol/L的实验条件下,光合细菌的最佳产氢pH值为7.0,实验中最大累积产氢量为8.0 mmol,最大产氢速率为3.39 mmol g-1(cell dry weight)h-1,产氢纯度高达70%,底物能量转化效率最大为1.98%,光能转化效率最大为7.7%.     

光污染的立法思考

光污染作为一种新型的环境污染,对环境的危害和人类的影响越来越明显。我国在光污染防治方面的法律法规明显滞后,制定一部符合国情的《光污染防治法》和相应的光污染环境标准势在必行。     

环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层户外暴露试验与实验室综合加速试验的相关性研究

目的 研究有机涂层在拉萨试验站户外暴露试验与多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验条件下的相关性。方法 以环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层为研究对象,通过开展户外暴露试验和实验室综合模拟加速试验,利用光泽计和色差仪等分析设备,获得用于表征涂层老化性能的色差和失光率变化规律,比较涂层体系在2种试验条件下老化程度。采用ATR-FTIR、EIS等方法研究涂层分子结构变化和不同环境条件对涂层防腐性能的影响,并分析涂层的降解机理。采用Spearman秩相关系数(rhos)法计算涂层体系在2种环境下的相关性。结果 与户外暴露试验12个月相比,综合模拟加速试验60 d,环氧云铁/丙烯酸有机涂层的色差和失光率基本一致,其色差的相关性为0.771 4,失光率的相关性为0.828 6。结论 与拉萨试验站户外暴露试验相比较,环氧云铁/丙烯酸涂层体系在综合加速试验后的色差、失光率、红外光谱、电化学阻抗等关键性能参数变化趋势基本一致,老化机理基本相同。多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验装置能够综合模拟高原高寒气候环境下阳辐射、气压、温度和湿度等环境因素,具有较好的模拟性和相关性。     

广州城区秋冬季大气颗粒物中WSOC吸光性研究

主要对广州秋季(2014年9月)和冬季(2014年12月~2015年1月)大气PM_(2.5)和不同粒径段颗粒物样品中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的吸光性进行了研究.结果表明,PM_(2.5)上WSOC的光吸收波长指数(AAE_(abs))秋、冬季分别为3.72±0.41和3.91±0.70,低于北京和北美地区测量结果.WSOC在365 nm波长的质量吸收效率(MAE)秋、冬季分别为0.52 m~2·g~(-1)和0.92m~2·g~(-1),两个季节具有明显的差异.冬季WSOC的MAE值呈现随粒径增大而降低的趋势;而秋季所有粒径段颗粒MAE_(WSOC)都比冬季低,特别是0.95μm粒径段颗粒降低得更多,这表明秋季颗粒物中WSOC二次源的贡献更大一些,而且主要是富集在亚微米级颗粒物上.此外,对比本研究以及文献中报道的元素碳(EC)和WSOC的MAE值,可以发现在颗粒物受一次源排放影响较大的情况下,WSOC对于颗粒消光的贡献是不容忽视的.     

飞艇蒙皮缝线光老化试验研究

目的研究飞艇蒙皮缝线的光老化规律并确定其有效期。方法在辐照强度为0．35w／m^2@340nm,温度为77℃,相对湿度为70％,2h内照射1．5h、喷淋0．5h的条件下,采用氙灯光照进行30天的加速老化试验。通过测量飞艇蒙皮缝线试验后的断裂强力,计算得到飞艇蒙皮缝线的断裂强力下降率,评定蒙皮缝线的抗老化性能。结果经过16天的光老化试验,飞艇蒙皮缝线的断裂强力下降率达20%;试验30天后,缝线出现明显裂纹,断裂强力下降率达80％。结论随试验时间的增加,飞艇蒙皮缝线的力学性能下降的速率逐渐增大,飞艇蒙皮缝线在试验条件下的有效期为16天。     

仿酶催化剂制备及催化降解PAEs类污染物

采用超声辅助反向共沉淀法制得磁纳米Fe3O4颗粒,然后以磁纳米Fe3O4颗粒为种子采用种子乳液聚合法制得羟基功能化的磁纳米复合物微球,再以三聚氯氰为桥联剂键合氯化血红素制得仿酶催化剂。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、配置积分球的紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度计、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂粒径大小为10¹2 nm,粒度均一,分散性好,在300 K下具有一定顺磁性,饱和磁化强度为21.61 emu/g,磁性物质含量为52.50 wt%。催化剂在紫外光照和H2O2存在下对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)有较高的氧化降解活性,且重复使用效果较好,因此对其反应机理进行了探讨。     

Z-scheme V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4异质结制备及其可见光催化性能

采用原位生长法制备V₂O₅,并将其与Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄水热复合制备V₂O₅-Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂.利用XRD、FT-IR、SEM和UV-Vis DRS等方法对样品的形貌结构及光学性质进行表征.结果表明,V₂O₅成功掺杂在Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄上,与Ag₂O/g-C₃N₄相比,复合材料对可见光的吸收范围增大;在可见光照射180min后,V₂O₅掺杂量为15%的复合材料对亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解率达到99.10%.经过3次循环降解后,复合材料对MB的降解率保持85%以上,表明其具有良好的稳定性.通过掩蔽实验推测,空穴(h⁺)是光催化体系中主要的活性物质,其光催化性能增强的机理是Ag₂O与g-C₃N₄复合界面形成p-n异质结,并与V₂O₅之间的复合过程符合Z-scheme可见光驱动机制,有效阻碍了光生电子-空穴对的复合,促进活性物质的产生.     

Comparing Contaminant Removal Costs for Aquifer Recharge with Wastewater with Water Supply Benefits

The use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water‐limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3‐log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3‐log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost‐wise and met the water quality goals.     

The Crash Compatibility of Cars and Light Trucks

This paper investigates the compatibility of cars, light trucks, and vans (LTVs) involved in traffic crashes. An analysis of U.S. crash statistics shows that, although LTVs currently account for approximately one–third of registered U.S. passenger vehicles, collisions between cars and LTVs account for over one–half of all fatalities in light vehicle–to–vehicle crashes. In these crashes, 81 percent of the fatally injured are found to be occupants of the car. These statistics suggest that LTVs and passenger cars are incompatible in traffic crashes, and that LTVs are the more aggressive of the two vehicle classes. The fundamental incompatibility between cars and LTVs is observed even when the analysis is restricted to collisions between vehicles of model year 1990 or later - indicating that, despite the availability of newer safety countermeasures, e.g., airbags, the incompatibility between cars and LTVs will persist in future fleets. Through examination of crash test results, field crash statistics, and vehicle measurements, the paper explores the design imbalances between cars and LTVs, e.g., mass, stiffness, and geometry, which lead to these severe crash incompatibilities.