光催化氧化水处理技术中光源的研究进展

根据光催化氧化水处理技术中光源的发展现状,将光源分为自然光源、传统电光源和新型光源。重点介绍了真空紫外灯、微波无极紫外灯等新型光源在国内外的研制及应用情况,阐明了高效光源的研制是光催化氧化技术实用化过程中需要解决的关键问题之一,论述了目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

O(1D)与CF3Cl的反应研究

研究ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ－Ｏ₃体系在２５３．７ｎｍ 紫外光照射下所引发的Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应．Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应最终产物为ＣＦ₂Ｏ、Ｆ₂、Ｃｌ₂,并讨论了Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应机理．研究表明,在本实验条件的２５３．７ｎｍ 紫外光作用下,ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ自身不发生解离,同时Ｏ（³Ｐ）不与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ发生反应．此外外加气体（氮气、氧气）对Ｏ（¹Ｄ）与ＣＦ₃Ｃｌ的反应有较强的淬灭作用     

Formation characteristics of PCDD and PCDF during pyrolysis processes

In recent years, pyrolysis processes have become technologies developed to industrial scale and discussed as alternatives to the existing waste combustion technology. However, little information is published regarding PCDD/F formation characteristics during pyrolysis processes. Two common shredder fractions – industrial light shredder (ILS) and refrigerators (REF) – both with high chlorine and copper content were pyrolysed for this pyrolysis study using a pilot plant with a capacity of 100 kg/h. At oxygen concentrations below 2% and temperatures between 430°C and 470°C, considerable amounts of PCDD/F were formed during the pyrolysis. More than 90% of total TEQ was found in the oil fraction (gas phase). The PCDD/PCDF ratio and the homologue pattern differed significantly from those formed during waste incineration. Considering mono- to octachlorinated congeners, up to 400 times more PCDF were formed compared to PCDD. For the investigated pyrolysis conditions, the formation of low chlorinated congeners was highly favoured. The distribution of TEQ within the individual congeners were very similar in all investigated runs. More than 80% of total TEQ stem from 2,3,7,8-substituted T₄CDF and P₅CDF. The isomer pattern, however, did not show significant differences compared to the common waste incineration pattern suggesting that the basic formation routes are similar.     

喷射环流三相光催化反应器可见光下降解酸性湖兰A的研究

设计了一种喷射环流三相光催化反应器。用该反应器在可见光下,对染料酸性湖兰A在不同初始浓度、催化剂浓度、pH、光照时间下光催化降解脱色率的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明,反应最佳pH为6,反应最佳时间为20min,催化剂最佳投加量为8g／L。在最优条件下,染料脱色率达90％以上。     

计算机模拟与可视化技术在火灾科学研究中的应用

随着信息技术的不断发展,计算机模拟和可视化技术在火灾科学研究的各个方面都得到了广泛的应用,该文系统介绍了计算机模拟和可视化技术在当前火灾安全技术层面的一些重要的应用和需要解决的一些问题。     

EFFECTS OF PLACER GOLD MINING ON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN SUBARCTIC STREAMS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: Turbidity, total residues, settleable solids, vertical light extinction, and primary production were measured in mined and unmined streams located in the interior highlands of Alaska. Undisturbed streams had low turbidities (< 1 NTU), total residue concentrations averaging 120 mg 1^?1, and undetectable settleable solids. During active mining, turbidity, total residues, and settleable solids levels in a moderately mined stream averaged 170 NTU, 201 mg 1^?1, and < 0.1 ml 1^?1, respectively. In a heavily mined stream, turbidity and total residues were two orders of magnitude higher than in unmined streams and settleable solids nearly always exceeded 0.2 ml 1^?1. Vertical extinction coefficients and turbidity were positively correlated. In undisturbed streams gross primary productivity (g-O₂m^?2d^?1) ranged from 0.20 shortly after spring breakup to a maximum of 1.20 in early fall. Productivity in the moderately mined stream was reduced by 50 percent while photosynthetic efficiency doubled. Primary production was undetectable in a heavily mined stream. Maximum standing crops of periphyton measured as chlorophyll a occurred in fall in an undisturbed stream after 13 weeks of exposure and ranged from 4.5 to 11.8 mg-chl a m^?2. The highest chlorophyll a densities recorded in the moderately mined stream was 3.8 mg m^?2, and no chlorophyl a was detected in the heavily mined stream.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

经济平稳增长下长江经济带碳排放峰值研究——基于全球夜间灯光数据的视角

碳排放达到峰值的时间和水平,将影响各地区的发展空间,对于长江经济带地区协调发展有着深远的影响,这也是应对气候变化和区域管理需要引起高度重视的问题。为此,论文通过1995—2013年的全球夜间灯光数据对长江经济带的GDP进行了估算和校准,进而在经济平稳增长条件下,预测长江经济带地区2014—2050年的GDP,根据碳强度衰减速率,设置了3种模拟情景。研究表明：以“十二五”时期的碳强度下降速率衰减,江苏和江西地区尚未出现碳峰值,其他地区在2050年之前出现碳峰值;其中云南在2025年就率先达到碳峰值。以“十三五”时期的碳强度下降速率衰减,江苏仍未出现碳峰值,安徽和江西地区在2040年之后出现碳峰值,四川、重庆、贵州均在2031年左右达到碳峰值;云南在2023年就率先达到碳峰值。上述两种模拟情景表明,长江上游地区碳排放达峰的时间要早于长江中游地区。进一步以长江经济带实现“2030年达到碳峰值”为目标的模拟情景发现,各地区碳强度衰减速率的差异显著,这从云南碳强度衰减速率2.58%、江西碳强度衰减速率7.53%,便可窥见一斑。由此可以看出,制定碳减排方案的要义,在协调好碳强度和经济增长率之间有效调控的同时,应充分考虑区域发展不平衡,分区域、分阶段推动碳排放达峰的减排政策,这将有利于经济平稳增长下顺利实现碳峰值目标。     

土壤有机质组分中多环芳烃分配特征和生态风险

土壤有机质是影响多环芳烃（PAHs）环境行为的一个重要因素,不同有机质组分结合的PAHs生物有效性和环境风险有所不同.本文对6个野外污染土壤中15种优控PAHs的含量和组成及其在土壤轻组（LF）和重组（HF）中的分配特征进行了研究,并采用苯并[a]芘（BaP）毒性当量浓度（TEQ_BaP）评价了全土、LF和HF中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,6个土样中15种PAHs总量范围为8.31×10²~2.97×10⁴μg/kg,4环PAHs百分含量最高,范围为35.7%~59.6%.6个土样LF中PAHs总量范围为2.38×10⁴~1.17×10⁵μg/kg,HF中PAHs总量范围为3.75×10²~2.12×10⁴μg/kg.虽然土壤中LF质量百分比只有1.0%~9.8%,但其结合的PAHs量却占土壤中PAHs总量的5.9%~60.6%.LF中15种PAHs总TEQ_BaP值范围为2.99×10²~1.68×10⁴μg/kg,分别是全土和HF的2.7~33.2倍和3.6~69.5倍.在PAHs污染土壤修复和生态风险评估中,应重视LF中PAHs.对LF中PAHs量占土壤中PAHs总量百分比较高的土壤,可以通过分离LF的方法来修复污染土壤.