基于细胞尺度的光照对四尾栅藻生长的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）为研究对象,采用平行平板流动腔装置,基于计算机视觉的藻细胞动态生长观察方法,从单细胞尺度研究不同光照强度对四尾栅藻藻细胞生长的影响.成功建立了四尾栅藻个体生长曲线模型,模型拟合效果良好.结果表明：在8000lux光照强度下,藻细胞的体积最大比生长速率最大,即四尾栅藻生长的最适光照强度为8000lux;适宜的光照条件可以增加藻细胞分裂时的大小,小于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂体积随着光照强度的增加而增加,大于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂时体积反而越来越小;较高的光照强度还有利于藻细胞适应新的环境,减少藻细胞复苏时间.     

A型和Y型分子筛在两段式热解过程中对WPCB热解油轻质化的影响

在500℃下,利用3种分子筛(4A、5A和Al_2O_3分子筛)对废弃印刷线路板(WPCBs)非金属粉末进行共催化热解试验.通过对热解三相产物产率的计算、热解油馏程分布、成分和碳数分布分析,研究不同分子筛对WPCBs热解过程中热解油轻质化效果的影响.结果表明,5A分子筛对WPCBs热解油轻质化效果最好,其中轻组分或汽油组分(馏出温度在0~200℃)含量最高,达到45%,而柴油组分(馏出温度在200~350℃)含量也达到了45%,成分主要以苯酚、异丙基苯酚和双酚A为主,选择性较好,热解油的碳数分布与汽油碳数分布相近,且热解油的含溴有机物(如2-溴苯酚)有一定的去除效果.Al_2O_3对热解油轻质化和脱溴的效果比5A分子筛稍差.而4A分子筛对热解油的轻质化效果和脱溴效果都较弱.综上所述,5A分子筛在热解油轻质化研究中具有良好的催化作用.     

SUSPENSOIDS IN NEW YORK CITY'S DRINKING WATER RESERVOIRS: TURBIDITY APPORTIONMENT1

ABSTRACT: The technique of i ndividual p article a nalysis conducted by s canning electron microscopy interfaced with a utomated X ‐ray microanalysis (IPA/SAX) was used to characterize suspended particulate matter in New York City's drinking water reservoirs and their tributaries. The study covered a two year period and involved analyses of more than 300 samples. The particle cross sectional area per unit volume (PAV), or area concentration, was measured to account for the observed turbidity, a representation of light scattering property of the studied medium. A simple linear model with a nearly zero intercept was able to explain more than 85 percent of the variation in the measured turbidity. Moreover, the particle assemblage was categorized into generic particle types with distinctive geochemical or geological origins. Thus, PAV compositions in terms of particle types could be apportioned into turbidity components based on the model. Inorganic tripton, dominated by aluminosilicate (clay) and silicate of nonbiological nature, was found to be the major turbidity causing constituent in most cases. With the exception of one reservoir where organic detritus was significant, the predicted inorganic particle turbidity agreed with the measured turbidity within experimental error.     

可见光固化树脂固定化含黄嘌呤脱氢酶细胞的研究

含黄嘌呤脱氢酶的细胞用可见光固化树脂包埋 ,经可见光照射交联 ,制备了固定化细胞 .可见光照射 3min对细胞的存活和细胞中黄嘌呤脱氢酶的活性没有影响 .固定化细胞的黄嘌呤脱氢酶降解次黄嘌呤的最适温度为 35℃ ,最适pH为 8 0 .在pH6— 8,温度低于 40℃时稳定 .连续使用 10批 ,平均降解次黄嘌呤 99 19%,酶活力保留 94 99%.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WIND VELOCITY AND UNDERWATER IRRADIANCE IN A SHALLOW LAKE (LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA, USA)1

ABSTRACT: Relationships between wind velocity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient (K₀) were determined at two locations in a large, shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). K₀ was significantly correlated with antecedent wind conditions, which explained as much as 90 percent of the daily variation in K₀. Sub-surface irradiance began to change within 60 to 90 minutes of the time when wind velocity exceeded or dropped below a threshold value. Maximum one hour changes in K₀ were > 50 percent, however, 20 to 30 percent changes were more common. The magnitude of change in K₀ varied spatially based on differences in sediment type. K₀ never exceeded 2.8 at a location where bottom sediments were dominated by a mixture of coarse sand and shells. In comparison, K₀ exceeded 9 during episodic wind events where the bottom sediment was comprised of fine grain mud. Underwater irradiance data can be used to determine threshold wind velocity and account for the influence sediment type has on K₀. Once a threshold velocity has been established, the frequency, rate, and duration of expected change in underwater irradiance can be evaluated. This is critical information for scientists who are studying algal productivity or other light-related phenomena.     

Analysing the influence of visualisations in global environmental governance

Visualisations can highly contribute to the importance and authority of new ideas, concepts, and knowledge claims. Among the many visualisations, few become well-known and influential in environmental governance. Whilst these have been objects of specific research, this study questions what constitutes and underpins their influence. For this, the paper codifies influential visualisations and defines criteria for studying their visual characteristics. The criteria are applied to two case studies, the “traffic light” and the “planetary boundaries” diagrams. To increase the validity of the findings, the study also introduces two “failure cases” as a plausibility check.     

南京城区夏秋季能见度与PM2.5化学成分的关系

为研究南京细颗粒物PM2.5化学成分与能见度的关系,于2011年8月4~17日和2011年10月31日~11月11日在南京城区采集PM2.5样品并分析其化学成分,同时对能见度、PM2.5、相对湿度等进行了同步观测.结果表明:南京城区夏季采样期间的能见度高于秋季,分别约为10.9km、7.5km,低能见度天PM2.5质量浓度较高,能见度与PM2.5的相关系数为-0.75.水溶性离子和总碳分别占PM2.5质量浓度的38%和26%,其中与能见度相关性较显著的是NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC.总消光系数的主要贡献者是颗粒物,达98.2%.8月首要消光组分是硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4,占47.0%,有机碳OC和硝酸铵NH4NO3分别占19.2%和14.3%;而11月是NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4和OC,分别占29.3%、28.7%、26.8%.对不同相对湿度下的能见度和PM2.5化学成分进行拟合.进一步根据WRF/Chem细颗粒物化学成分模拟结果,分别利用拟合关系式和美国IMPROVE关系式,对2011年8月和11月能见度进行计算,与观测对比发现,利用本文拟合关系式计算的能见度结果优于IMPROVE关系式.     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

污染源区结构特征对Tween 80去除DNAPL效果的影响

选择四氯乙烯（PCE）作为特征污染物,通过二维砂箱实验探究3种介质情景中,污染源区结构特征对Tween 80冲洗去除PCE的影响.采用透射光法监测PCE的运移及去除过程,定量测定PCE的饱和度.进而采用不连续的离散状与连续的池状PCE体积比（GTP）定量表征污染源区结构特征.结果表明,PCE在含透镜体介质中运移时,运移路径延长,离散状PCE增多.离散状PCE与Tween 80溶液的有效接触面积较大,被优先溶解去除,而细砂层上部的污染池的比表面积和接触面积较小,溶解能力有限,远比运移路径上的PCE难以去除.此外,初始离散状PCE较多,GTP较大,有利于池状PCE溶解转变为离散状PCE,PCE去除率增大.因此对于实际污染场地,需要详细分析DNAPLs污染源区结构特征,以助于评估表面活性剂冲洗技术的修复效率及试剂消耗.