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641.
In recent years, pyrolysis processes have become technologies developed to industrial scale and discussed as alternatives to the existing waste combustion technology. However, little information is published regarding PCDD/F formation characteristics during pyrolysis processes. Two common shredder fractions – industrial light shredder (ILS) and refrigerators (REF) – both with high chlorine and copper content were pyrolysed for this pyrolysis study using a pilot plant with a capacity of 100 kg/h. At oxygen concentrations below 2% and temperatures between 430°C and 470°C, considerable amounts of PCDD/F were formed during the pyrolysis. More than 90% of total TEQ was found in the oil fraction (gas phase). The PCDD/PCDF ratio and the homologue pattern differed significantly from those formed during waste incineration. Considering mono- to octachlorinated congeners, up to 400 times more PCDF were formed compared to PCDD. For the investigated pyrolysis conditions, the formation of low chlorinated congeners was highly favoured. The distribution of TEQ within the individual congeners were very similar in all investigated runs. More than 80% of total TEQ stem from 2,3,7,8-substituted T4CDF and P5CDF. The isomer pattern, however, did not show significant differences compared to the common waste incineration pattern suggesting that the basic formation routes are similar. 相似文献
642.
南京城区夏秋季能见度与PM2.5化学成分的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为研究南京细颗粒物PM2.5化学成分与能见度的关系,于2011年8月4~17日和2011年10月31日~11月11日在南京城区采集PM2.5样品并分析其化学成分,同时对能见度、PM2.5、相对湿度等进行了同步观测.结果表明:南京城区夏季采样期间的能见度高于秋季,分别约为10.9km、7.5km,低能见度天PM2.5质量浓度较高,能见度与PM2.5的相关系数为-0.75.水溶性离子和总碳分别占PM2.5质量浓度的38%和26%,其中与能见度相关性较显著的是NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC.总消光系数的主要贡献者是颗粒物,达98.2%.8月首要消光组分是硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4,占47.0%,有机碳OC和硝酸铵NH4NO3分别占19.2%和14.3%;而11月是NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4和OC,分别占29.3%、28.7%、26.8%.对不同相对湿度下的能见度和PM2.5化学成分进行拟合.进一步根据WRF/Chem细颗粒物化学成分模拟结果,分别利用拟合关系式和美国IMPROVE关系式,对2011年8月和11月能见度进行计算,与观测对比发现,利用本文拟合关系式计算的能见度结果优于IMPROVE关系式. 相似文献
643.
Eunsung KAN Chang-Il KOH Kyunghyuk LEE Joonwun KANG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(3):429
In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H2O2/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H2O2/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H2O2 resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl4, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl4 at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H2O2 to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H2O2 acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl4 due to negligible reaction between CCl4 and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants. 相似文献
644.
选择四氯乙烯(PCE)作为特征污染物,通过二维砂箱实验探究3种介质情景中,污染源区结构特征对Tween 80冲洗去除PCE的影响.采用透射光法监测PCE的运移及去除过程,定量测定PCE的饱和度.进而采用不连续的离散状与连续的池状PCE体积比(GTP)定量表征污染源区结构特征.结果表明,PCE在含透镜体介质中运移时,运移路径延长,离散状PCE增多.离散状PCE与Tween 80溶液的有效接触面积较大,被优先溶解去除,而细砂层上部的污染池的比表面积和接触面积较小,溶解能力有限,远比运移路径上的PCE难以去除.此外,初始离散状PCE较多,GTP较大,有利于池状PCE溶解转变为离散状PCE,PCE去除率增大.因此对于实际污染场地,需要详细分析DNAPLs污染源区结构特征,以助于评估表面活性剂冲洗技术的修复效率及试剂消耗. 相似文献
645.
646.
以漂珠为载体制备了Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3可见光响应催化剂。采用XRD、FTIR、SEM和DRS等表征手段对制备的催化剂进行了结构和形貌研究。以4#燃料油配制模拟含油废水,研究了催化剂在可见光作用下的光催化性能。表征结果显示:Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3成功负载到漂珠载体上,以四方相β-Bi_2O_3、α-Bi_2O_3和Ce O_2的形式存在;与空白Bi_2O_3相比,Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3固有的边带吸收波长拓展至544 nm。实验结果表明,在500℃条件下焙烧3 h制备的催化剂光催化效率最高,光照70 min时,油去除率可达88%。 相似文献
647.
648.
649.
上转换发光剂掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及可见光降解乙基紫的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
合成了一种新型含有稀土金属Er的上转换发光剂40CdF2·60BaF2·1.6Er2O3,此上转换发光剂在488 nm可见光的激发下,产生了5个波长均小于387 nm的上转换紫外光发射峰.采用超声波分散的方法制备出了上转换发光剂掺杂的纳米TiO2可见光光催化剂.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行了表征.以乙基紫染料为研究对象,研究了在(三基色灯下发出的)可见光的照射下该可见光光催化剂的催化降解性能,并与未掺杂的纳米TiO2粉末的催化性能进行了对比.结果表明,作为掺杂成分的上转换发光剂可有效地将可见光转化为紫外光并被纳米TiO2粉末吸收利用,在可见光照射12.0 h后乙基紫降解率达到了99.68%,大大高于未掺杂纳米TiO2时的降解率. 相似文献
650.
Photocatalytic degradation of phenol by visible light-responsive iron-doped TiO2 and spontaneous sedimentation of the TiO2 particles 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Fe-doped TiO2 was prepared by the calcination of FexTiS2 (x = 0, 0.002, 0.005, 0.008, 0.01) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra. All the Fe-doped TiO2 were composed of an anatase crystal form and showed red shifts to a longer wavelength. The activity of the Fe-doped TiO2 for the degradation of phenol was investigated by varying the iron content during UV (365 nm) and visible light (405 nm and 436 nm) irradiation. The degradation rate depended on the Fe content and the Fe-doped TiO2 was responsive to the visible light as well as the elevated activity toward UV light. The molar ratio of 0.005 was the optimum for both the UV and visible light irradiations. The result was discussed on the basis of the balance of the excited electron–hole trap by the doped Fe3+ and their charge recombination on the doped Fe3+ level. The Fe-doped TiO2 (x = 0.005) was more active than P25 TiO2 under solar light irradiation. The suspended Fe-doped TiO2 spontaneously precipitated once the stirring of the reaction mixture was terminated. 相似文献