光污染影响我们的生活

摘要：我们的身边光污染随处可见,光污染可分为白亮污染,人工白昼、彩光污染。光污染不仅危害生态环境,也影响了我们的生活。因此我们应该关注光污染,以期防治光污染,保护自身健康。     

光污染防治立法的研究及探讨

目前,光污染这种新型的环境污染,已成为一个必需正视的环境问题。为了更为有效地防治光污染,保护公众的环境权益,中国急需建立光污染防治法律体系。采用符合本国国情的立法模式,建立完善的监管体系,制定具体明确的光污染防治标准等将是中国光污染防治法律体系建立的核心内容。本文阐述了光污染的概况,介绍了国内外光污染防治立法现状,前瞻性地提出以经济和生态的可持续发展为指导思想,采取预防性原则从环保和法律的角度出发,建立符合中国国情的光污染防治体系,全面防治光污染的建议。     

原位红外光谱法研究CdS-TiO_2/MWCNTs可见光光催化降解气相甲苯

通过原位红外光谱技术研究了可见光下甲苯在CdS-TiO2/MWCNTs（多壁碳纳米管）和CdS-TiO2光催化剂表面的吸附、光催化降解过程,并考察了水汽对光催化反应的影响.结果表明,在吸附过程中甲苯在CdS-TiO2和CdS-TiO2/MWCNTs光催化剂表面就能被氧化成苯甲醛、苯甲酸等中间产物,水汽的存在有利于提高光...     

南京北郊能见度变化中二次无机盐消光的重要作用

利用2013年5月~2014年5月的能见度和大气气溶胶化学组分资料,分析南京北郊能见度变化特征、气溶胶化学组分与能见度变化的关联及其对大气消光的贡献,识别在能见度变化中二次无机盐消光的重要作用.结果表明,观测期间平均能见度为(6.78±3.68)km,能见度存在显著的季节变化.粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子对能见度降低有较大影响,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4和OC是细粒子主要成分,其中二次无机离子对重霾日能见度恶化具有重要贡献.利用修正的IMPROVE方程重建观测期间消光系数,均值为(527.2±295.2)Mm-1,PM2.1化学组分中硫酸铵、硝酸铵以及有机物对消光系数贡献最大,达到80.6%.尽管在清洁日(VR10 km)有机物的消光贡献高达43.51%,但随着能见度降低,有机物消光贡献减少,二次无机盐组分消光贡献增加,在低能见度的重霾日(VR5 km)二次无机盐消光贡献达到58.96%,表明二次无机盐消光对能见度恶化具有重要作用.     

薪柴燃烧溶解性棕色碳排放特征及光学性质

对农村薪柴（杨木和毛竹）燃烧排放的4类溶解性棕色碳（BrC）组分,包括水溶性有机物（WSOM）、水溶性类腐殖质（HULIS_WS）、碱溶性有机物（ASOM）和碱溶性类腐殖质（HULIS_AS）的组成特征和光学性质进行了初步研究.结果显示,薪柴燃烧排放出大量的BrC,其中BrC_T（WSOM+ASOM）占烟气PM_2.5质量的46%~56%,排放因子为（7.5~16）g/kg.HULIS是薪柴燃烧排放BrC的重要组分,占BrC_T的44%~46%.4类BrC的特征吸收指数（SUVA₂₅₄）、光吸收效率（MAE₃₆₅）和Ångström指数（AAE）值分别为1.9~4.0m²/g、0.4~2.1m²/g和6.2~11.1,说明薪柴燃烧排放BrC具有较高的芳香度、较强的光吸收能力且其光吸收具有较强的波长依赖性.三维荧光光谱分析结果显示,薪柴燃烧排放BrC主要以类蛋白荧光物质组成为主,这与雨水和大气气溶胶中水溶性BrC以类腐殖质荧光物质组成为主的特征存在显著差异.相关性分析结果显示,BrC的MAE₃₆₅与HIX和SUVA₂₅₄呈现显著的正相关性,与E₂/E₃、FI、BIX和β：α呈现显著的负相关性,说明薪柴燃烧排放BrC的光吸收特性与其芳香性、腐殖化程度、自生源贡献和新鲜度等紧密相关.本研究结果有助于进一步认识生物质燃烧BrC的排放特征,为探索大气BrC的来源和环境效应提供数据基础和科学依据.     

黔中地区不同林龄马尾松小气候特征研究

以黔中地区不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用时空替代法,选取农田（对照）、林窗、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林6个样地,每月选择代表日分时段测量光照强度、光通量密度、气温、相对湿度、蒸气压亏损和风速等小气候指标,同时对样地内不同垂直高度（0.5,1.0和1.5m）观测指标进行比较.结果表明：（1）除风速随测量高度变化（1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m）差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余观测指标随测量高度均无显著差异（P>0.05）.（2）观测时段内,不同林龄马尾松林小气候均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速变化为农田 > 林窗 > 马尾松林;相对湿度变化为马尾松林 > 林窗 > 农田.（3）与农田相比,马尾松林分别降低了光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速的917.36%、837.35%、5.33%、30.77%、193.58%,增加了6.39%的相对湿度,具有显著的遮阳降温、增湿保湿、维持林冠下小气候稳定的作用.在演替前期,抵挡阳光和风速的效果明显,而在后期,降温增湿以及保湿效果显著.舒适度评价显示,除冬季外,黔中地区马尾松林可发挥良好的森林康养和游憩生态功能.     

Acid-treated Fe-doped TiO2 as a high performance photocatalyst used for degradation of phenol under visible light irradiation

The photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles is significantly increased by an acid-treatment process. The photocatalyst nanoparticles were prepared using sol–gel method with 0.5 mol% ratio of Fe:Ti in acidic pH of 3. The nanoparticles were structurally characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS). It was observed that the photocatalytic activity suffered from an iron oxide contaminating layer deposited on the surface of the nanoparticles. This contamination layer was removed using an HCl acidtreatment process. The photocatalytic activity using 500 mg/L of Fe0.5-TiO2 in a 10 mg/L of phenol solution increased significantly from 33% to 57%(about 73% increase in the performance), within 90 min of reaction time under visible light irradiation. This significant improvement was achieved by removing the iron oxide contamination layer from the surface of the nanoparticles and adjusting p H to mild acidic and basic pHs.     

S210线轻钢结构滚石防护棚洞动力响应与优化研究

以2013年芦山7.0级地震生命通道S210线滚石灾害防治为背景,在崩塌滚石灾害特征调查和研究的基础上,根据S210线应急抢险的需求,提出一种新型轻钢结构滚石防护棚洞技术:采用钢板和槽钢为主骨架,双层钢板夹EPS材料为顶板,并将顶板设为20°~25°以提高抗冲击能力。通过动力有限元数值模拟,开展滚石冲击荷载下轻钢结构棚洞动力响应机理与优化设计研究。计算结果表明:轻钢结构棚洞具有较强的抗滚石冲击能力,能承受1 500 k J滚石冲击能量,且施工方便快捷,不影响正常交通,是S210线应急保通较为理想的滚石防护措施。目前轻钢结构棚洞已在S210线滚石危险区段投入使用,效果显著,对确保震后S210线畅通和灾后重建发挥了重要作用,也可在类似山区公路滚石灾害防治中推广应用。     

Novel extractive colorimetric and UV spectrophotometric estimation of etizolam in bulk and tablet by forming ion association complex with methyl orange and bromocresol green

A novel, sensitive, and rapid UV spectrophotometric and colorimetric method was developed for estimation of etizolam (ETZ) in bulk and tablet. The UV spectrophotometric method (method I) is based on quantitative estimation of ETZ using 0.1N NaOH as the solvent which exhibits maximal absorption at 378 nm. Colorimetric methods (method II and III) were based on the formation of color complex in association with ions between basic nitrogen of the drug with methyl orange (MO) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic medium. The formed color complexes were quantitatively extracted with chloroform and measured at 509 nm for Drug–MO complex and at 442 nm for Drug–BCG complex, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed over the linear ranges 2–16 µg/ml (method I), 5–45 µg/ml (method II), and 2–20 µg/ml (method III). The correlation coefficient (r²) for ETZ was 0.999, 0.997, and 0.998 for method I, II, and III, respectively. All methods were successfully applied for the assay of the drug in tablet. The % purity was found to be 98.52 (method I), 98.72 (method II), and 99.18 (method III). These developed methods were fully validated with % relative standard deviation (RSD) for accuracy less than 2 for all methods. The % RSD of the intra-day and inter-day variations was found to be less than 2%. The limit of detection and quantitation were as follows: 0.108 µg/ml and 0.327 µg/ml (method I), 0.24 µg/ml and 0.75 µg/ml (method II), 0.1 µg/ml and 0.5 µg/ml (method III) indicating marked method sensitivity. Empirical evidence from all three methods concludes that developed methods are simple, sensitive, and reliably validated for useful routine quality control analysis of ETZ.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,photodegradation kinetics and photocatalytic activity of novel photocatalyst ZnBiYO4

ZnBiYO4 was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method for the first time. The structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnBiYO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance.ZnBiYO4 crystallized with a tetragonal spinel structure with space group I41/A. The lattice parameters for ZnBiYO4 were a = b = 11.176479  and c = 10.014323 . The band gap of ZnBiYO4 was estimated to be 1.58 e V. The photocatalytic activity of ZnBiYO4 was assessed by photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results showed that ZnBiYO4 had higher catalytic activity compared with N-doped Ti O2 under the same experimental conditions using visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with ZnBiYO4 or N-doped Ti O2 as catalyst followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the first-order rate constant was 0.01575 and 0.00416 min-1for ZnBiYO4 and N-doped Ti O2, respectively. After visible light irradiation for 220 min with ZnBiYO4 as catalyst, complete removal and mineralization of methyl orange were observed. The reduction of total organic carbon, formation of inorganic products, SO2-4and NO-3, and evolution of CO2 revealed the continuous mineralization of methyl orange during the photocatalytic process. The intermediate products were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The ZnBiYO4/(visible light) photocatalysis system was found to be suitable for textile industry wastewater treatment and could be used to solve other environmental chemical pollution problems.