纳米TiO2改性可见光催化降解有机物研究进展

光催化降解水中有机污染物是一项颇有发展前途的废水处理技术.目前主要的研究工作由紫外光逐步向可见光催化方向发展,使这项技术向实用性又迈进了一步.系统介绍了纳米TiO2的光催化降解有机污染物的原理,光催化处理水的现状,并从离子掺杂、表面光敏化和分子筛负载几个方面综述了可见光化的研究现状和发展方向.     

光照对湖泊沉积物磷释放及磷形态变化的影响研究

将采自太湖的沉积物移至实验室内进行磷释放模拟实验.通过对水-沉积物界面在不同照度下的磷释放趋势研究发现,照度与水-沉积物界面的磷释放量有明显的负相关性.而藻类计数的结果表明,照度与底栖藻类生物量存在正相关性.由此可以推断,光照对沉积物磷释放的影响主要表现为受照度控制生长的底栖藻类吸收沉积物中释放的磷,阻挡其进入上覆水中.不同照度下pH变化的研究结果表明,pH的升高趋势随照度的增强而升高,稳定后的水体偏碱性.通过对在不同照度下沉积物中总磷及磷形态变化规律研究发现沉积物中总磷减少量表现为无光＞中照度＞高照度;沉积物中磷出现无机态减少,有机态增加的现象;照度越高,沉积物中NaOH-P(Fe(Al)-P)减少量与HCl-P(Ca-P)减少量的比例越大.     

锌铝水滑石负载羧酸基酞菁锌可见光降解水中氯苯酚

以锌铝类水滑石为载体,1.0%(质量分数)水溶性羧酸基酞菁锌为光敏剂,制备了不溶于水的负载型光敏剂,并对其结构进行表征.结果表明,在可见光和氧气作用下,该复合催化剂能够引发水中对氯苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚和2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解.但有机物降解的速率与载体的锌铝比和煅烧温度有关.研究表明,最佳的锌铝比和煅烧温度分别为2.0和300℃.在反应过程中,载体及其煅烧产物具有电子导体的功能,可加快光敏剂与氧气之间的电子转移过程,进而引发氯苯酚的降解.此外,该复合催化剂能被重复循环使用,但光敏活性逐渐降低.     

中国能源消费碳排放的空间化与时空动态

近年来全球多地遭遇极端天气,给人类社会的生产生活带来极大影响,共同应对全球气候变化已成为国际共识,在此背景下如何通过科学方法摸清二氧化碳排放情况成为响应国家"双碳"战略的重要工作.通过省级尺度的碳排放统计数据,综合夜间灯光数据和人口数据,将碳排放量分配到栅格尺度,并对中国2000、2005、2010、2015和2018年碳排放的时空格局、演变特征及碳排放与经济增长的关联性进行综合分析.结果表明：①从2000~2018年,中国的CO₂排放总量持续增长,但增长速率呈现放缓的趋势,碳排放年均增长速率由2000~2010年的9.9%下降至2010~2018年的7.4%.从空间分布来看,无碳排放地区主要分布在西北无人区及东北的林区和山区,低碳排放主要分布在广大的中小城镇地区,高碳排放则集中分布于华北、华中、东部沿海以及西部的省会城市及城市群附近;②碳排放在地级市尺度上存在高值聚集或低值聚集现象,且该聚集现象整体趋于稳定,在2005年之后有所加强;低低集聚区主要分布在西部的连片地区和海南岛,且随着经济社会的发展,低低集聚区开始破碎,规模减小;高高集聚区主要分布在京津冀城市群、太原城市群、长江三角洲城市群和珠江三角洲城市群地区且规模在逐步加强巩固;高低、低高集聚区则主要出现在社会经济发展水平差异较大的邻近城市;③中国大部分地区的碳排放量相对稳定,碳排放发生较大变化的地区主要分布在省会城市和重点城市的外围地区,即存在中心城区碳排放无变化,外围区域碳排放变化的圈层结构;④在2000~2018年中国城市发展进程中,整体上遵循一个由"低排放-低收入"转向"高排放-低收入"再转向"高排放-高收入"最终转向"低排放-高收入"的发展规律.从整体来看,中国碳排放的增速在放缓,在实行"双碳"战略的大背景下,各地区由于不同的社会经济发展情况和能源需求情况所面临的碳减排任务与压力也不尽相同,因而应分地区和分行业实施差异化的碳减排政策.     

Synthesis of surface sulfated BiWO with enhanced photocatalytic performance

Sulfated BiWO (SBiWO) was synthesized by an impregnation method to enhance the visible-light-driven photoactivities of BiWO (BiWO). The characterization results verified that sulfate anion mainly anchored on the catalyst surface greatly extended the visible-light-responsive range without destroying the crystal lattice. Moreover, the SBiWO-based photoactivities were evaluated with the removal of Malachite Green (MG) under UV-Vis irradiation emitted from two microwave-powered electrodeless discharge lamps (MPEDL_-2) and under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The results demonstrated that the kinetic constant was increased 2.25 times, varying from 0.1478 (BiWO) to 0.3328 min^-1 (SBiWO-1). Similar results were also obtained for the visible light-driven reaction. Furthermore, radical scavengers such as t-butanol restricted the visible-light induced degradation of MG over BiWO and SBiWO-1. This indicated that the sulfating process increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, which was further verified by molecular probe with salicylic acid. Thus, more blue-shifting at λ = 618 nm was observed over SBiWO. On the basis of the above results, the photocatalytic mechanism over the sulfated catalyst was also discussed.     

Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission （IVE） model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.     

溴氧化铋可见光催化降解高效氯氰菊酯的研究

在可见光(λ≥420 nm)照射下,利用溴氧化铋(bismuth oxide bromide,BiOBr)作为光催化剂降解农药高效氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin,beta-CP),采用气相色谱仪跟踪检测beta-CP降解过程中的变化,研究了BiOBr在可见光照条件下催化降解beta-CP的特性;同时,探讨了介质pH条件和催化剂用量对其光催化降解效果的影响;采用化学需氧量(COD)测定仪测定了beta-CP光催化体系深度矿化氧化的效果.结果表明,在可见光激发下BiOBr能有效降解农药beta-CP,在实验条件下光催化反应10 h后,beta-CP的降解率达到94.68%;随着催化剂用量和pH的增大,beta-CP的降解速率在不断加快;光催化反应36 h,Vis/BiOBr/beta-CP体系的COD去除率达67.99%.利用对苯二甲酸荧光法和过氧化物酶催化氧化方法跟踪测定光催化过程中氧化物种的变化,结果表明其光催化反应机制涉及·OH氧化过程.     

基于水下光场结构的巢湖初级生产力评价

根据2009年6月巢湖32个样点的实测数据以及归一化PAR强度数据,探讨巢湖水体的水下光场结构,并计算该水域的真光层深度,在此基础上结合叶绿素a浓度评价其初级生产力.结果表明,巢湖水体水下光强随着深度的增加呈现出指数衰减趋势,水深1 m处光强只有表层光强的0.07%～15.17%;且不同水深处的光场分布总体呈现出西部湖...     

氮素形态与光强对苗期黄瓜吸收累积菲的影响研究

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同形态氮素(NH4 -N、NO3 -N)和光强对菲胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响.结果表明:①与供NO3- -N营养相比,供NH4 -N营养可同时增强黄瓜幼苗的抗菲胁迫及耐弱光的能力;②以NH4 -N为营养的黄瓜吸收的菲不仅运输至叶片的比例相对较低,而且运输至新生叶片的比例也相对较少,相对降低了新生叶中的菲累积,因而使得以NH4 -N为营养的黄瓜新生叶片维持了相对较大的光合面积和较高的光合速率.由此可见,与NO3- -N营养相比,NH4 -N营养能改善黄瓜在菲胁迫环境中的生长状况,尤其在弱光条件下,这种现象更加明显.     

Photocatalytic degradation of the dye sulforhodamine-B： A comparative study of different light sources

The photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutant sulforhodamine-B （SRB） in aqueous titanium dioxide （TiO2） dispersions was examined under three lighting regimes： UV light （330 nm〈λ〈 380 nm）, sunlight, and visible light （λ〉450 nm）, all investigated at pH=2.5. Total organic carbon （TOC） and chemical oxygen demand （CODer） assays show that the degradation rate of SRB is much higher when irradiated with UV and sunlight compared with visible light. The temporal concentration changes of SRB illustrated a first-order reaction and the rate constant, k, is 0.197 min^-1, 0.152 min^-1, 0.027 min^-1, respectively, under the three lighting conditions. The final mineralized products were amine compounds identified by infrared spectrophotometry. When irradiated with visible light, the photocatalytic degradation rate could be improved by lowering the H2O2 concentration and inhibited by increasing the H2O2 concentration, but results contrary to the above were obtained when UV light was used for irradiation.