污泥厌氧发酵产酸关键影响因素的函数模型研究

本研究以城市剩余污泥预处理液作为底物,调节底物不同C/N比,测定了厌氧发酵过程中几种关键酶的酶活及发酵产物乙酸、丙酸及丁酸的浓度.同时,利用Matlab软件通过回归分析和函数拟合构建了C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量之间的多项式函数模型,发现所建立的二元三次多项式模型的拟合优度R2均大于0.9,且残差平方和较小,因此,判定二元三次多项式更适合描述C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量的数学关系.最后,建立了关键酶活、C/N比和产酸量三因素间的曲面模型,发现该模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对关键酶和产酸类型的影响,并能进一步预测C/N比所对应的酶活和产酸发酵类型,可为今后的实验研究及工程放大提供理论参考.     

不同含水量细砂介质中挥发苯的有效扩散系数研究

挥发性有机污染物在土壤多孔介质中的有效扩散系数是土壤气相抽提(soil vapor extraction,SVE)传质过程中的一个重要参数.笔者以苯为研究对象,采用土柱扩散试验,对不同含水量条件下挥发苯在细砂介质中的有效扩散系数和扩散规律进行研究.结果表明,对于吸附型矿物含量少的细砂介质,含水量大小在一定程度上影响了挥发苯的扩散过程.含水量在50 g·kg-1时,扩散最快;低于50 g·kg-1时,随含水量增大扩散能力增强;高于50 g·kg-1时,扩散能力则随含水量增大而减弱.同一扩散柱中,随着扩散距离增加,挥发苯的有效扩散系数增大,这可能与其蒸汽分压降低有关.     

环境空气中挥发性有机物的测定方法探讨

环境空气中VOCs的测定方法是国内外研究的焦点。本文通过对国内外环境空气中VOCs的测定方法进行总结，结合我国实际情况，指出在我国有两种方法测定环境空气中VOCs具有较高可行性及推广性：一种是固体吸附／热脱附／GC或GC—MS方法，一种是罐采样／冷冻预浓缩／GC或GC—MS方法。     

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Public Water Systems,Private Wells,and Ambient Groundwater Wells in New Jersey Compared to Regulatory and Human-Health Benchmarks

Potential threats to drinking water and water quality continue to be a major concern in many regions of the United States. New Jersey, in particular, has been at the forefront of assessing and managing potential contamination of its drinking water supplies from hazardous substances. The purpose of the current analysis is to provide an up-to-date evaluation of the occurrence and detected concentrations of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and several other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in public water systems, private wells, and ambient groundwater wells in New Jersey based on the best available data, and to put these results into context with federal and state regulatory and human-health benchmarks. Analyses are based on the following three databases that contain water quality monitoring data for New Jersey: Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS), Private Well Testing Act (PWTA), and National Water Information System (NWIS). For public water systems served by groundwater in New Jersey, MTBE was detected at a concentration ≥10 μg/L, ≥20 μg/L, and ≥70 μg/L at least once in 30 (2%), 21 (1.4%), and five (0.3%) of sampled systems from 1997 to 2011, respectively. For private wells in New Jersey, MTBE was detected at a concentration ≥10 μg/L, ≥20 μg/L, and ≥70 μg/L at least once in 385 (0.5%), 183 (0.2%), and 46 (0.05%) of sampled wells from 2001 to 2011, respectively. For ambient groundwater wells in New Jersey, MTBE was detected at a concentration ≥10 μg/L, ≥20 μg/L, and ≥70 μg/L at least once in 14 (2.1%), 9 (1.3%), and 4 (0.6%) of sampled wells from 1993 to 2012, respectively. Average detected concentrations of MTBE, as well as detected concentrations at upper-end percentiles, were less than corresponding benchmarks for all three datasets. The available data show that MTBE is rarely detected in various source waters in New Jersey at a concentration that exceeds the State's health-based drinking water standard or other published benchmarks, and there is no evidence of an increasing trend in the detection frequency of MTBE. Other VOCs, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and benzene, are detected more often above corresponding regulatory or human-health benchmarks due to their higher detected concentrations in water and/or greater toxicity values. The current analysis provides useful data for evaluating the nature and extent of historical and current contamination of water supplies in New Jersey and potential opportunities for public exposures and health risks due to MTBE and other VOCs on a statewide basis. Additional forensic or forecasting analyses are required to identify the sources or timing of releases of individual contaminants at specific locations or to predict potential future water contamination in New Jersey.     

挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)治理进展及发展前沿思考

本文介绍了近年国内外在治理可挥发性有机化合物的研究进展,并对吸附与催化技术,低温等离子体-光催化技术等几种先进的处理技术最新发展作了较全面的综述,并对发展前景进行展望。     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

流动注射分光光度法测定废水中挥发酚

基于４－氨基安替比林显色原理,采用流动注射技术,建立了炼油废水中挥发酚的快速测定方法。分析速率为每小时４０个试样,线性范围为０．７５－２３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。对１．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ苯酚标准溶液连续测定１０次,相对标准偏差为２．８％。对炼油废水样,本法测定结果与标准方法无显著性差异。     

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER FROM RURAL PRIVATE WELLS, 1986 TO 19991

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected or compiled data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in samples of untreated ground water from 1,926 rural private wells during 1986 to 1999. At least one VOC was detected in 12 percent of samples from rural private wells. Individual VOCs were not commonly detected with the seven most frequently detected compounds found in only 1 to 5 percent of samples at or above a concentration of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). An assessment level of 0.2 μg/l was selected so that comparisons of detection frequencies between VOCs could be made. The seven most frequently detected VOCs were: trichloromethane, methyl tert‐butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, dichlorodifluoromethane, methylbenzene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane. Solvents and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected VOC groups in private wells. The distributions of detections of gasoline oxygenates and fumigants seemed to be related to the use patterns of compounds in these groups. Mixtures were a common mode of occurrence of VOCs with one‐quarter of all samples with detections including two or more VOCs. The concentrations of most detected VOCs were relatively small and only 1.4 percent of samples had one or more VOC concentrations that exceeded a federally established drinking water standard or health criterion.     

Soil Gas Volatile Organic Compound Concentration Contours for Locating Vadose Zone Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Contamination

Diffusion of VOC from cylindrical vadose zone domains contaminatedwith distributed nonaqueous phase liquid is examined in the steadystate approximation. The effects of first-order biodegradation and ofan extended underlying pool of LNAPL floating on the water table belowthe cylindrical domain are explored by means of an orthogonal functionsapproach. The distribution of VOC in the vadose zone above a floatingcircular LNAPL pool of finite size is explored by a numerical method.The results provide information useful in estimating the spacing anddepth at which soil gas samples should be taken in order to detect thepresence of such source areas. Comparison of model results with soilgas VOC measurements at various depths also provides insight into theextent to which natural biodegradation of the VOCs is taking place.