加热和鼠李糖脂预处理促进剩余污泥厌氧发酵积累短链脂肪酸

短链挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids, VFA),如乙酸和丙酸,是高碳氮比海水养殖废水处理时更易利用的碳源,对剩余污泥进行恰当预处理是其后续厌氧发酵获得优质短链脂肪酸的关键.本研究分别运用加热水解和鼠李糖脂水解对剩余污泥进行预处理,继而厌氧发酵,通过检测溶解性有机质(SCOD、多糖和蛋白)、胞内水解酶活性、短链VFA以及氨氮等指标特征,探究预处理技术对短链脂肪酸尤其是乙酸和丙酸单位产量的影响.结果表明,65℃、2 h加热水解预处理能促进污泥中VFA的溶出和发酵过程中碳源的转化,剩余污泥厌氧发酵3 d时,产生的VFA是无预处理组的2倍,乙酸是优势产物;鼠李糖脂水解的剩余污泥,发酵8 d时产生的VFA是无预处理的4倍,丙酸是优势产物.相比丙酸而言,乙酸是反硝化脱氮、微生物燃料电池(MFC)更好的碳源.因此,从VFA组成类型、发酵时间以及应用的可行性等考量,加热水解是一种相对经济可行的促进剩余污泥发酵制取优质脂肪酸的预处理方式.     

公交车使用废食用油制生物柴油的污染物排放及VOCs成分谱

以国三、国五柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,分析了国三、国五柴油公交车使用柴油、废食用油制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料(B10)的污染物排放及VOCs成分谱.结果表明:国五公交车的THC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放比国三公交车分别降低39.3%、19.9%、77.4%和28.4%,NO_x升高31.7%;国三、国五公交车排放的VOCs主要为烷烃、烯烃和含氧化合物,国五公交车的烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧化合物等VOCs排放较低,其VOCs大气反应活性降低,二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势较弱.与使用柴油比较,国三(国五)公交车使用B10的THC、CO、PM和固态PM2.5数量排放降低;国三公交车的NO_x排放增加,国五公交车的NOx排放降低;国三(国五)公交车使用B10的VOCs成分谱中含氧化合物降低,烯烃增加,VOCs大气反应活性增强.     

合成树脂行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

使用SUMMA罐采集华东地区5类典型合成树脂企业有组织排口样品,通过气相色质联用技术（GC-MS）定量分析106种VOCs,计算了合成树脂行业排放量、排放系数和不确定性,分析了VOCs的排放特征和臭氧生成潜势,建立了5类合成树脂VOCs排放成分谱.结果表明：合成树脂企业VOCs排放量为346~3467kg/a,5类合成树脂排放系数为0.06~1.24g/kg,其中涂料树脂（CR）类企业排放量和排放系数均最大.芳香烃、含氧烃（OVOCs）和卤代烃是合成树脂行业VOCs排放基本组分,累计占比范围是73.2%~98.3%.涂料树脂、酚醛树脂（PF）、聚氨酯（PU）、共聚物树脂（ABS）和聚碳酸酯（PC）特征污染物分别为：甲基异丁基酮、苯、甲苯、苯乙烯和二氯甲烷.合成树脂企业臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为22.7~202.5mg/m³,源反应性（SR）为0.3~4.6g/g,CR类企业OFP和SR均最大.合成树脂行业SR处于各行业平均水平.芳香烃、OVOCs和烯炔烃是合成树脂行业的主要光化学活性组分,累计OFP贡献率为64.1%~100.0%,苯、甲苯、甲基异丁基酮、乙烯、苯乙烯是合成树脂行业关键活性物种.研究显示,合成树脂行业VOCs治理应管控芳香烃和OVOCs的排放,重视污染物恶臭问题和卤代烃溶剂的危害,减排VOCs排放量大、臭氧生成能力强的CR类企业.     

室内空气中挥发性有机污染物治理对策

近年来,室内空气污染问题得到越来越多的重视,人们意识到维持良好室内空气环境的重要性,如何有效地治理室内空气污染成为了目前迫切关注的问题。文章对室内空气污染以及几种净化技术做了系统的综述,阐述了室内空气污染物的来源、危害,客观地评价了目前室内空气传统污染治理方法如通风换气、物理吸附法、化学吸收法、臭氧净化法,以及催化氧化法等空气净化技术的优缺点及空气净化技术的发展趋势,提出不同室内空气污染的分类,并针对不同的分类提出相应的方法,对污染治理进行指导。     

应急监测中便携式顶空/GC-MS法测定水中VOCs的初步研究

通过对实验室加标水样和实际水样的测定,研究了便携式顶空/气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)与吹扫捕集/GC-MS法测定水中VOCs的性能比较,探讨了利用Loop环测定水中高浓度VOCs的准确度. 结果表明:便携式顶空/GC-MS测定水中54种低浓度VOCs的检出限略高于吹扫捕集/GC-MS系统,准确度和精密度分别为67.4%～136%和9.08%～19.80%,均满足环境应急监测分析的要求;利用Loop环,便携式顶空/GC-MS可对水中高浓度级(mg/L)VOCs进行较为准确地测定,回收率为100%～149%;复杂的实际样品基本不干扰便携式顶空/GC-MS的测定,与吹扫捕集/GC-MS法相比,二者对实际水样的测定结果相对偏差小于20%;便携式顶空/GC-MS在水污染事故现场可得到基本准确的结果,可为事故后续处理提供有效的数据支持.      

世博会期间上海市大气挥发性有机物排放强度及污染来源研究

基于VOCs在线观测数据,对世博会期间（2010年5月1日～10月31日）上海大气VOCs的排放进行了估算;采用后向轨迹模型和聚类分析法,研究了不同大气污染输送通道下上海市空气质量和观测站点VOCs的变化;基于受体模型对上海市城区大气VOCs进行了污染来源解析.结果表明,世博会期间,上海市每小时排放的VOCs导致大气中VOCs浓度的增加量为（5.98±3.18）×10-9,该值比2009年同期低1×10-9左右.世博会期间,上海大气主要受偏东方向气流的影响,所占比例超过40%;其次是偏西风（25%）;偏南和偏北风共占约20%.受同一大气输送通道影响,观测点VOCs浓度与上海API值呈正相关,R2=0.599.受西北方向大气输送通道影响,本市空气质量最差,API值在70左右;其次是西南方向大气输送通道,API值在60以上;当本市大气受东面海洋上空输送气团的影响时,API〈50,空气质量为优.世博会期间,与机动车有关的排放最大,包括尾气和油气挥发,对上海大气VOCs的贡献约40%;其次是生产工艺和燃煤等工业排放,占30%～40%;溶剂涂料使用导致的排放约20%;夏季天然源排放的贡献在6%左右,也不容忽视.     

连续流动分析仪法快速测定水中挥发酚的研究

通过连续流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚并与传统手工比色法进行一系列的对比实验研究，结果表明连续流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚具有高灵敏度、高精密度、高准确度、分析速度快、不使用大量有机试剂的特点，并且在实际环境样品的分析中也得到了满意的测定结果，能满足大批量的环境样品的快速分析。     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

出水回流对ABR反应器启动过程中污染物去除效果和微生物种群的影响

出水回流对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)抗酸化性能及机制的影响研究是提升高负荷ABR稳定运行研究的热点.因此,本文采用ABR处理模拟废水,采用常温、高负荷启动方式,研究回流对ABR启动过程中运行效果、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)及微生物种群分布的影响.结果显示,回流对ABR的COD去除率影响不大,但可使反应器的pH值更稳定;回流反应器中的VFA累积速率降低了1/3,有利于减少VFA的积累;回流反应器中的微生物主要有短杆菌、球菌、链球菌及拟杆菌等,回流提高了反应器中的微生物多样性,从而提高了微生物种群的稳定性.回流反应器中真细菌、古细菌、产氢产乙酸菌和耗氢产乙酸菌的相对丰度均高于不回流反应器,真细菌平均高出8.5%,古细菌平均高出4.5%,产氢产乙酸菌和耗氢产乙酸菌分别高出3.5%和3.0%.通过回流能够调控pH值、VFA浓度、微生物种群结构及分布,进而提升ABR反应器的抗酸化性.     

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform, mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai, China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic preconcentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3 ± 2.1), (38.7 ± 9.0), (19.4 ± 10.1) and (30.0 ± 11.1) μg/m³, respectively; while trichloroethylene (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6 ± 1.3), (1.3 ± 0.5), (4.1 ± 1.1), (2.2 ± 1.1) and (1.2 ± 0.3) μg/m³, respectively. Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5, whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE. The highly significant mutual correlations (p < 0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p < 0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources, indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source. TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air, especially in the mezzanines.