Volatilization and Biodegradation of VOCs in Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

Volatilization and biodegradation are major competitive volatile organic compound (VOC) removal mechanisms in biological wastewater treatment process, which depend on compound specific properties and system design/operational parameters. In this study, a mathematical model was used to determine major removal pathways at various organic loading rates (OLR), solids residence time (SRT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a biological process for vinyl acetate. Model results showed that biological treatment process should be designed with long SRT, high OLR and low DO concentrations to maximize biodegradation and minimize volatilization of VOCs. Unless a VOC is toxic to microorganisms under the given conditions, low VOC emission rates are an inherent advantage of MBRs, which operate at higher OLR and longer SRT compared to conventional activated sludge process. A lab scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated at varying OLR to investigate the relative volatilization and biodegradation rates for acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde and vinyl acetate. Synthetic wastewater containing three VOCs was introduced to the MBR. The DO concentration and SRT was maintained at 2.0 mg L^{− 1} and 100 days, respectively. The overall VOC removal rate was more than 99.7% for three VOCs at all the OLR. For vinyl acetate, the biodegradation rate increased from 93.87 to 99.40% and the volatilization removal rate decreased from 6.09 to 0.59% as OLR was increased from 1.1 to 2.0 kg COD m^{− 3} d^{− 1}. It was confirmed that a MBR can be a promising solution to reduce VOC emissions from wastewater.     

沈阳市油气挥发污染现状浅析

介绍了油气挥发污染的现状及回收技术,结合沈阳市的实际对油气回收进行了经济性和政策性分析。     

不同下垫面苯系物的挥发行为研究

结合石油化工区挥发性污染物泄漏控制的需要,选取淄博地区代表性的砂土、壤土和水3种下垫面,对苯系物的挥发行为进行试验研究,得到了不同类型下垫面中苯系物单组分及其混合物的挥发动力学曲线、最优拟合公式和挥发动力学模型.结果表明,3种下垫面中,苯系物组分及混合物的挥发速率大小依次为:苯>甲苯>BTEX>二甲苯>乙基苯;而苯系物在静水面上的挥发最快,砂土中次之,壤土中挥发最慢.另外,3种下垫面中苯系物的挥发速率常(系)数与蒸气压的关系均呈线性正相关,挥发速率系数随着组分蒸气压的增大而明显增大.下垫面对苯系物挥发的影响机制主要表现为对挥发面积和介质在挥发扩散过程中可利用孔隙通量的影响.     

N2O and NH3 emissions from a bioreactor landfill operated under limited aerobic degradation conditions

The combination of leachate recirculation and aeration to landfill may be an efficient way for in-situ nitrogen removal. However, nitrogenous substances contained in the landfill layer are concomitantly transformed into N2O and NH3, leading to increased emissions into the atmosphere. In the present study, the emissions of N2O and NH3 were measured under conditions of fresh or partially stabilized refuse with or without leachate recirculation or intermittent aeration. The results showed that the largest N2O emission (12.4 mg-N/L of the column) was observed in the aerated column loaded with partially stabilized refuse and recycled with the leachate of low C/N ratio; while less than 0.33 mg-N/L of the column was produced in the other columns. N2O production was positively correlated with the prolonged aerobic time and negatively related with the C/N ratio in the recycled leachate. NH3 volatilization increased with enhanced gas flow and concentration of free ammonia in the leachate, and the highest cumulative volatilization quantity was 1.7 mg-N/L of the column.     

中国北方干旱-半干旱地区草地NH_3通量原位观测研究

NH3挥发是导致农业和畜牧业施肥中N素流失的主要途径之一。基于这一认识,人们推测NH3的释放也可能在干旱-半干旱地区天然草地氮素流失中起着重要作用。然而这方面的观测研究却十分有限。我国北方天然草地面积约150万平方千米,而且在干旱-半干旱过渡地区的草地中存在N相对于C不足的现象。认识NH3挥发在其中所起的作用对防治草地退化、保护干旱区生态环境安全具有重要意义。本文利用Thermo-Fisher公司生产的Model17iNOx-NH3分析仪和动态箱法对黄土高原西北部边缘和宁夏中东部地区,也即农牧过渡带地区在8～9月份的地-气NH3交换通量进行了观测研究,发现其通量昼夜变化存在多种类型,平均通量在-2～2g NH3/(m2.h)之间;在空间变化上,NH3的地-气交换在毛乌素沙地西侧表现为对大气NH3的净吸收,经黄土高原边缘和宁夏中东部的过渡,到宁夏南部的固原地区变化为草地NH3的净释放。这种草地NH3释放通量自北向南增加的现象主要是由于降水对土壤的湿润作用所致。干旱的环境条件使得水分超过了土壤pH和温度等众多影响因素而成为NH3挥发的主要限制因素。据此可以推测NH3挥发作用在我国北方自然草地N素流失中的作用可能较小,不可能是导致农牧交错地区土壤N素相对不足的原因。     

焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属的挥发及其氯转化特征

研究了垃圾与污泥掺烧后的焚烧飞灰在900℃、1 000℃高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)随不同停留时间的挥发特性,并研究了添加剂氯化物(CaCl2、MgCl2、NaCl、FeCl3、AlCl3)对重金属转化与挥发特性的影响.结果表明,没有添加氯化剂情况下,污泥焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的挥发特性有较大的差别,其中Pb的挥发率超过80%,而Cu的挥发率<30%,重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu.热处置过程中重金属的挥发率受温度的影响较大,而停留时间的延长对重金属挥发促进效果较小,并且易挥发元素Pb和Cd表现尤为明显.飞灰中添加氯化剂后,重金属的挥发性有显著的改变,并且难挥发元素Cu和Zn的挥发性增加较Pb和Cd显著.随着Cl含量的增加,重金属挥发率有增加的趋势,但不同种类的氯化物对重金属氯转化差异较大,其中NaCl对重金属Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的促进效果小于其它氯化剂.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

负载NH4+-N生物炭对土壤N2O-N排放和NH3-N挥发的影响

利用生物炭吸附面源污染水体NH₄⁺-N并将其进行还田可实现此氮资源由水体到农田的安全有效迁移,而探索负载NH₄⁺-N生物炭对N₂O-N排放和NH₃-N挥发的影响则对于减施化肥和降低土壤氮素损失意义重大.本研究采用土柱试验,设置4个处理：对照（不施氮肥,CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、负载氮+化学磷钾肥（N-BC+PK）和生物炭+化肥（BC+NPK）.结果表明,相较NPK和BC+NPK处理,N-BC+PK处理N₂O-N累积排放量、NH₃-N累积挥发量、气态氮素累积损失量（以N计）分别显著降低了33.62%和24.64%、70.64%和79.29%、64.97%和73.75%（P<0.05）.特别需要说明的是,BC+NPK处理相比NPK处理显著增加了NH₃-N累积挥发量（P<0.05）.综上所述,负载NH₄⁺-N生物炭可显著减少N₂O-N排放和NH₃-N挥发,且其减排效果显著优于传统的生物炭化肥配施.本研究结果将为富营养化水体NH₄⁺-N农田回用和土壤气态氮素减排提供理论依据和数据支持.     

浅谈湿法炼锌工艺的浸出渣问题

湿法炼锌已占据世界炼锌总量的80％以上,是世界炼锌生产的发展方向,而湿法炼锌中产出的锌浸出渣可能带来的环境污染及其防治,成为该类项目中需要关注的重要问题之一。本文对锌浸出渣的产生、处理过程中的污染环节以及可能带来的环境影响进行了分析,并根据作者的工作实践,提出了防止锌浸出渣处理过程产生污染的措施,具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

麦秸全量还田下太湖地区两种典型水稻土稻季氨挥发特性比较

利用原状土柱在田间试验条件下,比较了麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氮素氨挥发损失规律,每种试验土壤均设对照、氮肥、氮肥加麦秆这3个处理,同步测定施肥后氨挥发、田面水铵态氮浓度与pH、以及表层土壤Eh.结果表明,乌栅土氨挥发速率及其累积氨挥发量显著高于黄泥土,两种土壤的稻季平均氨挥发的氮素损失量分别为41.8 kg·hm-2和11.2kg·hm-2,分别占氮肥用量的15.2%和3.8%;在3个施肥时期中,分蘖肥期氨挥发损失率最高,乌栅土和黄泥土分别占氮肥用量的29.4%和8.3%;麦秸还田显著增加了氮肥的氨挥发损失,麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氨挥发损失比单施氮肥处理分别增加了19.8%和20.6%.两种土壤氨挥发速率均与田面水NH4+-N浓度、pH呈正相关关系,但与表层土壤Eh的关系还需进一步研究.     

施氮水平对小麦-玉米轮作体系氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放的影响

试验采用密闭室间歇通气法研究华北平原冬小麦（Triticum aestivum Linneaus）-夏玉米（Zea mays Linneaus）轮作体系在不同施氮水平下农田氨挥发和N2O排放。结果表明：冬小麦季和夏玉米季的氨挥发速率与N2O排放通量呈现出季节性动态变化,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,均在施肥后第2~3天出现峰值。玉米季氨挥发量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季,分别占整个轮作周期气态损失的53.5%~68.9%和54.7%~82.3%。轮作体系中氨挥发净损失量（以N计）为4.28~31.31 kg.hm-2,占施氮量的3.17%~5.80%;N2O净排放损失量（以N计）为50.95~1051.03 g.hm-2,占施氮量的比例为0.04%~0.23%。因此,施氮量是影响冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系气态损失重要因素,且夏玉米季是控制控制气态损失的关键时期。