Electrochemical reduction characteristics and the mechanism of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the copper electrode

The electrochemical reduction characteristics of chlorinated hydrocarbons were investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique. The reduction mechanism and activity of the chlorinated hydrocarbons at the copper electrode were explored. The relationship between the structure of chlorinated hydrocarbons and their reductive activity were discussed. The experimental results showed that chlorinated alkanes and a portion of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons could be reduced directly at the copper electrode. However, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons were not easy to reduce at the copper electrode. The results provided a theoretical basis for the catalyzed iron inner electrolysis method. Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(4): 51–54 [译自: 环境科学]     

阳极溶出伏安法测定水体中痕量Sb^5＋

在ｐＨ３．４，８－羟基喹啉、甲基橙的浓度分别为４３μｍｏｇ／Ｌ、１３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４底液中，用阳极溶出伏安法直接测定水体中Ｓｂ＾５＋。其线性范围为０．２６～５．２ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，方法的检出限为０．１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ；９次重复测定的变异系数为０．８％；回收率为９５．６％～１０４％。大部分常见阳离子不干扰测定。     

Electrochemical analysis of endosulfan using a C18-modified carbon-paste electrode

Successful applications of different analytical procedures to determine quantitatively endosulfan and its metabolites in aqueous media can be found in recent literature. Fundamentally, they have made use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC), sometimes coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). In this paper, a new and alternative methodology to determine quantitatively endosulfan in aqueous media is reported. A C18-modified carbon-paste electrode has been used to determine voltammetrically endosulfan, despite its unfavourable electrochemical properties and behaviour. The methodology proposed is based on the decrease experienced by the peak intensity corresponding to voltammetric signals of Cu(II) when successive and constant additions of endosulfan are carried out. This decrease is directly proportional to the concentration of endosulfan what allows to perform an indirect quantification of the pesticide. The detection limit obtained is 40 ng l⁻¹, this value being under the limits specified by European norms and EPA reports.     

嫌气条件下土壤中有机还原性物质的动态变化

利用示差脉冲伏安法研究了不同有机物料在嫌气培养条件下产生的有机还原性物质的动态变化．结果表明：在培养起始阶段，强还原性有机物质的数量迅速增加，以后逐渐下降．不同有机物料所产生的有机还原性物质的强度和数量各不相同。培养初期，有机还原性物质种类较多，长时间培养后，部分还原能力较弱的有机物质消失。长时间培养后。嫌气培养液中强还原性有机物质可能与金属离子作用，使其活性降低。     

有机污染物苯胺在催化电极上氧化降解的途径

采用循环伏安法和测定催化电极在不同介质中的阳极极化曲线得到析氧电位的方法,考察了有机污染物苯胺在催化电极上的电催化氧化行为.研究结果表明,苯胺在不同催化电极和反应介质中的电催化氧化降解途径可分为协同氧化降解和间接氧化降解2种模型.催化电极对有机污染物的电催化性能、电极的析氧电位大小以及处理体系的介质环境等多方面因素决定了电催化氧化的降解途径并将影响电化学降解的效率.      

氯代烃在铜电极上的电还原特性和pH值的影响

采用循环伏安法,对氯代烃类化合物在铜电极表面上的电还原特性进行了研究,结果表明,氯代烷烃类化合物能在铜电极表面被直接还原,氯代芳烃不易在铜电极上被直接还原．碱性条件有利于中间体碳负离子的形成;在酸性条件下,碳负离子与氢离子之间反应的几率增大,导致通过溶液的电流值增加．pH值对不同氯代烃在铜电极上的电还原特性有不同程度的影响,这主要取决于碳链(或苯环)上其它取代基的性质、结构、数量和它与氯在苯环上的相对位置．     

酸性条件下黄铁矿氧化机制的研究

以黄铁矿粉末制备成的碳糊电极为工作电极,利用循环伏安曲线和极化曲线等电化学手段,对酸性条件下黄铁矿的氧化过程和机制进行了研究.结果表明,黄铁矿的氧化主要包括以下两个过程:首先,黄铁矿(FeS2)矿物晶格中的Fe2+溶出而被氧化为Fe3+,此过程会伴随有如硫单质、缺铁硫化物(Fe1-xS2)和多硫化物(FeSn)等氧化中间产物的生成,覆盖在黄铁矿的表面而形成一层钝化膜,阻碍了其氧化溶解过程;接着,黄铁矿表面的钝化膜被进一步氧化为可溶性的SO24-.在酸性条件下,黄铁矿氧化反应的最终产物为Fe3+和SO24-.另外,在所研究的酸度范围内,随着H2SO4溶液浓度的增大,体系的开路电位和腐蚀电位均正移,氧化和还原的峰电流值升高,腐蚀电流增大,说明增加体系的酸度会促进黄铁矿的氧化过程.     

黄铜矿在含铁酸性介质中氧化过程的电化学研究

以天然黄铜矿为研究对象,运用开路电位,循环伏安曲线,Tafel极化曲线和交流阻抗(EIS)等电化学手段,对在硫酸介质中三价铁离子对黄铜矿的氧化过程的电化学行为进行了研究.结果表明,黄铜矿在酸性介质中的氧化可能通过两步反应完成,第一步中电极表面形成了一层主要成分是含硫中间产物的钝化膜,第二步则是黄铜矿主体的氧化.Fe3+离子有助于黄铁矿的直接氧化,在黄铜矿的溶解过程中起到了重要作用.极化曲线测量的结果显示随着溶液中Fe3+离子浓度的增加,黄铜矿的极化电流也在增加,黄铜矿也更容易进入钝化阶段.同时,交流阻抗对Fe3+离子浓度改变的响应也很敏感.     

碳纳米管电极电还原降解水中头孢他啶

通过SEM、FITR、CV、Tafel等表征,以头孢他啶为目标污染物,研究了自制多壁碳纳米管电极电还原难降解有机物等的特性,并用高效液相色谱检测反应后目标污染物的质量浓度.结果表明,该电极性能稳定,可耐受一定程度的腐蚀,具有较好的性能.循环伏安结果表明,在800 mV左右获得较大的氧化峰,峰值达到-0.2 mA,头孢他啶在该电极上的降解是不可逆的.碳纳米管电极电还原降解头孢他啶的适宜工艺条件为:电极间距1 cm,电压15 V,初始质量浓度1 mg·L-1,离子强度1 g·L-1,pH=6.0.此条件下,反应60 min,头孢他啶的去除效率可达90%以上,该降解过程为二级反应.     

Chelating resin immobilized sawdust packed chromatographic column: Application to separation and preconcentration of lead ion

Naturally abundant rubber sawdust has been utilized as a stationary support, which after immobilization with a chelating polyelectrolyte (xylenol orange as counterion) gets converted into a suitable column packing material for isolation and enrichment of trace level target analyte, accurately detectable by the technique of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The sorbent is robust and re-usable in column-chromatography without showing any leaching and interference complications. Its unique lead ion selectivity from multielemental complex matrices (synthetic water sample, blood serum) at optimized column conditions (pH 2.5 and flow rate 0.5?mL?min^?1) mitigates the usual problems of intermetallic and readsorption effects. Effects of flow rate, pH, equilibration time, and other variables are reported. The system has advantageous feature to be used in a single-column ion chromatography with satisfactory performance. A modest attempt has been made to determine lead fractions in human blood serum samples on the bases of selective retention of ionic and labile fractions on complexing resin.