与土体部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与SH波的动力相互作用

利用波函数展开法结合奇异积分方程技术,研究了部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与土体的出平面动力相互作用问题。把脱离区看做界面裂纹,将问题归结为一组奇异积分方程。通过数值计算获得了土体和基础中的位移场。利用动应力强度因子描述了粘接区的切应力强度,其结果显示:有缝隙界面基础与土体的动力相互作用呈现明显的低频共振特性。奇异积分方程技术的引入,使得笔者所用方法与已有方法相比更具一般性。研究结果对埋置结构的安全评估与寿命预测具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

Consequence analysis of premixed flammable gas explosion occurring in pipe using a coupled fluid-structure-fracture approach

A coupled fluid-structure-fracture approach incorporating a high-efficiency detonation modeling algorithm was proposed to study the consequences of premixed flammable gas explosion occurring in pipe. A strain-rate-dependent failure criterion which is the vital prerequisite for accurate consequences prediction was derived based on the failure mechanism of materials at high strain rates and it was applied to account for the fracture of pipe. The simulated pressure time history and fracture patterns were validated against experimental results and good agreements were acquired. The interaction between detonation wave and pipe during crack extension, dynamic fracture processes of pipes with different initial flaws, venting features of detonation products and pressure profiles out of pipe were obtained and discussed in detail. The comparison with existing semi-empirical and CFD methods was performed and it is revealed that the deformation and fracture of pipe have obvious negative influences on the peak overpressure and the rate of pressure increase out of pipe. Because the energy absorption and dissipation due to structural deformation and fracture are well taken into account, the coupled fluid-structure-fracture method is expected to provide more rational consequences prediction and analysis results.     

Identifying important species that amplify or mitigate the interactive effects of human impacts on marine food webs

Some species may have a larger role than others in the transfer of complex effects of multiple human stressors, such as changes in biomass, through marine food webs. We devised a novel approach to identify such species. We constructed annual interaction-effect networks (IENs) of the simulated changes in biomass between species of the southeastern Australian marine system. Each annual IEN was composed of the species linked by either an additive (sum of the individual stressor response), synergistic (lower biomass compared with additive effects), or antagonistic (greater biomass compared with additive effects) response to the interaction effect of ocean warming, ocean acidification, and fisheries. Structurally, over the simulation period, the number of species and links in the synergistic IENs increased and the network structure became more stable. The stability of the antagonistic IENs decreased and became more vulnerable to the loss of species. In contrast, there was no change in the structural attributes of species linked by an additive response. Using indices common in food-web and network theory, we identified the species in each IEN for which a change in biomass from stressor effects would disproportionately affect the biomass of other species via direct and indirect local, intermediate, and global predator–prey feeding interactions. Knowing the species that transfer the most synergistic or antagonistic responses in a food-web may inform conservation under increasing multiple-stressor impacts.     

构建三元混合污染物的三维等效图

等效线分析法广泛应用于二元混合物的毒性相互作用评估.然而,如何构建三维等效图以考察三元混合物中发生的毒性相互作用至今没有文献报道.本研究的主要目的即以三元混合物中3个组分的相对浓度为坐标轴建立三维等效图以考察三元混合物的毒性相互作用.以6种目前在中国广泛使用的农药,包括3种除草剂(2,4-D、敌草净、西草净)和3种杀虫剂(乐果、吡虫啉、残杀威)为混合物组分,采用均匀设计射线法(UD-Ray)分别对三元除草剂和三元杀虫剂混合物中各组分浓度分布进行优化设计,以全面表征实际混合物的浓度多样性.通过费氏弧菌微板毒性分析法测定农药及其三元混合物在不同浓度下的发光抑制毒性,以浓度加和(CA)模型为加和参考模型,建立三维等效图,分析各混合物的毒性相互作用.结果表明,三维等效图能清晰、直观地反映三元混合物的毒性相互作用信息,开拓等效分析法在三元混合物毒性分析中的应用.     

云南兰坪县城滑坡地质特征及其成因分析

2000年9月兰坪县城发生特大型山体滑坡,造成重大经济损失,采取挡墙、抗滑桩等措施后,北部边坡局部基本稳定,南部依见明显新变形,2010~2013年尤甚。基于滑坡现状特征及区域地质环境条件分析,提出了以隐伏断裂(F2)为界将滑坡区重新分块,能够合理反映滑坡的变形破坏特征,并为类似滑坡地质勘察加强针对隐伏断裂的影响分析具有重要的借鉴意义。通过分析滑坡体地质及变形破坏特征,认为滑坡的成因主要受控于滑坡区发育的不利岩性条件及地质结构面,水~岩作用是导致岩体崩解破坏诱发滑坡的主要因素。     

Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol with hydrogen peroxide

Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) has been suggested to be a potential pathway for secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation from isoprene and its oxidation products. However, knowledge of the chemical mechanism and kinetics for this process is still incomplete. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol(MBO321), an aliphatic alcohol structurally similar to isoprene, is emitted by pine forests and widely used in the manufacturing industries. Herein the uptake of MBO321 into H2SO4–H2O2mixed solution was investigated using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficients(γ) were acquired for the first time and were found to increase rapidly with increasing acid concentration. Corresponding aqueous-phase reactions were performed to further study the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed reaction. MBO321 could convert to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol(MBO232) and yield isoprene in acidic media. Organic hydroperoxides(ROOHs) were found to be generated through the acid-catalyzed route,which could undergo a rearrangement reaction and result in the formation of acetone and acetaldehyde. Organosulfates, which have been proposed to be SOA tracer compounds in the atmosphere, were also produced during the oxidation process. These results suggest that the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of MBO321 with H2O2 may contribute to SOA mass under certain atmospheric conditions.     

生态文明视域下技术创新、产业升级与污染控制的互作效应研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,环境污染问题已成为生态文明建设亟需解决的重要问题.生态文明是对农业文明和工业文明的超越,代表了更为高级的人类文明形态.生态文明建设是体现经济、社会、环境可持续发展以及人与自然和谐共存的重要战略决策.本文从环境质量改善及污染控制的有效性方面,深入剖析了技术创新、产业升级与污染控制之间的互作效应关系,并探讨了有效的实现方式.研究结果旨在为生态文明建设的有效实施和顺利展开提供借鉴和参考价值.     

SDBS/Na+对红壤胶体悬液稳定性的影响

土壤中普遍存在的有机污染物和无机离子与土壤胶体颗粒的相互作用深刻地影响着土壤中一系列物理、化学和生物学过程.选取红壤胶体作为对象,利用动态光散射技术研究了不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和Na+作用下红壤胶体颗粒的凝聚过程,并结合体系的pH和Zeta电位分析了SDBS/Na+与土壤胶体颗粒相互作用的机制.结果表明:①相同浓度Na+作用下,随着SDBS浓度的升高,土壤胶体悬液稳定性增强.例如120 mmol·L-1Na+作用下,随着SDBS浓度从0 mmol·L-1升高到10 mmol·L-1,凝聚体有效粒径从702 nm下降至193 nm,总体平均凝聚速率从28.6 nm·min-1减小到3.36 nm·min-1;②相同浓度SDBS作用下,随着Na+浓度的升高,体系Zeta电位绝对值显著降低,凝聚体有效粒径逐渐增大,凝聚速率逐渐加快;③仅SDBS作用下,随着SDBS浓度的升高,体系Zeta电位绝对值从47.6 mV增加到62.2 mV,体系pH从6.17升高到6.76,但均小于土壤胶体悬液本身的pH(6.89).因此,SDBS通过疏水作用和静电作用吸附于土壤胶体颗粒表面,增加了颗粒表面的负电荷数量,降低了作用于胶体颗粒表面的有效Na+浓度(SDBS疏水长链的空间阻碍和高浓度SDBS所形成的胶束结构对Na+的吸附),使得胶体悬液稳定性增强,需要添加更多的Na+才能发生凝聚.     

臭氧-混凝交互作用对混凝效果的影响

采用臭氧-混凝联用(臭氧与混凝剂同时投加)和预臭氧混凝(预臭氧后待水中臭氧浓度为0后再投加混凝剂)两种方式处理水样,分析其氧化、混凝效果和消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)等的差异,研究臭氧-混凝交互作用对处理效果的影响.结果表明,联用和预臭氧混凝效果之间存在明显差异.联用工艺中臭氧与混凝剂间发生交互作用,导致混凝剂水解形态分布发生改变是影响混凝效果的重要原因.联用处理后水样的浊度高于预臭氧混凝,主要原因之一在于臭氧降低了混凝剂水解形态分布中Alb的含量;Cl-DBPFP低于预臭氧混凝出水,是混凝剂Al Cl3及其某些水解形态对臭氧具有催化氧化的作用,促进了消毒副产物前驱物的氧化降解所致.联用对MCAA和CF生成势的去除效果显著强于预臭氧混凝,其中MCAAFP分别为5.6μg·L-1和16.9μg·L-1,CFFP分别为12.5μg·L-1和24.1μg·L-1.臭氧与混凝剂交互作用显著影响混凝效果及消毒副产物的生成,是臭氧和混凝配合使用安全性研究中需要重点关注的内容.因而,相关科研和实际水处理工艺中必须明确预臭氧及混凝剂投加位点和相对次序.     

Zn2+对铁氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的影响

研究2种人工合成的铁氧化物对磺酰脲类除草剂--苄嘧磺隆(bensulfuron-methyl,BSM)的吸附,以及Zn2 对供试样品吸附苄嘧磺隆的影响.实验结果表明,用Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin等方程对供试样品加入Zn2 后吸附BSM的数据进行了拟合,发现供试样品吸附苄嘧磺隆的等温曲线较好地符合Freundlich方程.加入Zn2 后,铁氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的量较未加Zn2 有较大幅度的增加,但在苄嘧磺隆的平衡质量浓度较低(＜4 mg/L)时,氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的量不随Zn2 浓度的增加而增加;在苄嘧磺隆的平衡质量浓度较高(＞6 mg/L)时,氧化物吸附苄嘧磺隆的量随Zn2 浓度的增加而增加.这可能是Zn2 和苄嘧磺隆被吸附时存在竞争和协同交互作用的结果.