长江三角洲区域发展及区域互动的三大关键问题

在我国加入WTO、进入国际经济大循环的背景下，长江三角洲不仅要加强自身的发展，通过体制创新、技术创新建成为我国区域功能完善、产业布局合理、城乡关系协调、生态与环境优良的现代化示范区，更重要的是在长江流域和全国发挥经济带动作用，提高服务功能，成为我国与世界经济接轨并参与竞争的基地、我国高新技术产业与现代农业基地和支援西部大开发并提供知识经济服务的基地。但是长期的计划体制造成的地区分割与部门分割不利于产业的合理布局与重大基础设施建设的统一协调，也不利于共同进行生态建设与环境保护。从区域互动的角度就经济增长方式与产业布局、以港口为主的重大基础设施建设与协调、水土资源的环境保护与可持续发展三个方面进行了论述。     

Introduction: The dark and light sides of organizational citizenship behavior

This is an introduction to a point/counterpoint exchange in Journal of Organizational Behavior on the negative versus positive sides of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Such behaviors go beyond the core tasks that individuals do on the job and are generally considered positive contributions that support organizations. Bolino, Klotz, Turnley, and Harvey cover the dark (negative) side of OCB, arguing that it can be performed for self‐serving motives and that it can have detrimental effects. They discuss the costs of performing OCB to the individuals who perform it, and potential negative consequences for organizations. Conversely, Spitzmuller and Van Dyne cover the light (positive) side, focusing on OCB as forms of either proactive or reactive helping behavior. Proactive helping is motivated by internal needs with the individual seeking out opportunities to engage in OCB. Reactive helping is an altruistic response to a perceived need by a colleague or the organization itself. Taken together, these two papers provide a comprehensive overview of the complex effects of OCB on actors who perform it and targets who receive it. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河水中沉积物与锌、镉液-固界面的作用

研究了黄河水中沉积物与重金属污染物Zn^2 、Cd^ 的离子交换吸附作用。结果表明,Zn^2 、Cd^2 在黄河水中主要以M（OH）^ 的形式与沉积物进行－价阳离子交换反应;在天然黄河水pH范围内,Zn^2 、Cd^2 的离子交换率都大于70％;随温度升高,Zn^2 、Cd^2 与沉积物的交换率增加,E-pH曲线向pH值减小的方向位移。     

Tritium and Cl as constraints on fast fracture flow and percolation flux in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain

An analysis of tritium and ³⁶Cl data collected at Yucca Mountain, Nevada suggests that fracture flow may occur at high velocities through the thick unsaturated zone. The mechanisms and extent of this “fast flow” in fractures at Yucca Mountain are investigated with data analysis, mixing models and several one-dimensional modeling scenarios. The model results and data analysis provide evidence substantiating the weeps model [Gauthier, J.H., Wilson, M.L., Lauffer, F.C., 1992. Proceedings of the Third Annual International High-level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, vol. 1, Las Vegas, NV. American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, IL, pp. 891–989] and suggest that fast flow in fractures with minimal fracture–matrix interaction may comprise a substantial proportion of the total infiltration through Yucca Mountain. Mixing calculations suggest that bomb-pulse tritium measurements, in general, represent the tail end of travel times for thermonuclear-test-era (bomb-pulse) infiltration. The data analysis shows that bomb-pulse tritium and ³⁶Cl measurements are correlated with discrete features such as horizontal fractures and areas where lateral flow may occur. The results presented here imply that fast flow in fractures may be ubiquitous at Yucca Mountain, occurring when transient infiltration (storms) generates flow in the connected fracture network.     

Interactions between copper and cadmium modify metal organ distribution in mature tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

Sexually mature female tilapia were exposed to sublethal concentrations of waterborne Cu and/or Cd over 6 days, and subsequent body concentrations of these metals were determined in several organs. The results show that the distribution of Cu and Cd was metal and organ specific. This is demonstrated, for example, by the observation that in tilapia, Cu exposure did not result in Cu accumulation in the liver, whereas in the intestinal wall, notably high concentrations of Cu and Cd were measured in metal exposed fish.In addition to single metal exposed fish, we also determined Cu and Cd body distribution in Cu---Cd co-exposed fish. The observed interactions in metal accumulation were most pronounced in the organs of fish exposed to low, environmentally realistic, metal concentrations.     

SCR反应器入口参数与反应温度对脱硝性能的交互作用

为系统研究选择性催化还原(SCR)反应器入口参数与反应温度对脱硝性能的交互作用,基于E-R机理,通过建立SCR脱硝反应一维模型,结合燃煤电厂调峰实际运行数据设定入口参数界限,利用MATLAB数值仿真,分别对反应温度同氨氮摩尔比(NSR)、入口NO质量浓度和入口速度对脱硝效率及氨逃逸率的耦合效应进行了重点分析。结果表明：入口参数对最佳反应温度影响较大;偏离最佳反应温度越多,NSR对氨逃逸率影响程度越低,NSR>1时,脱硝性能对NSR敏感性降低;增大入口NO质量浓度可改善整体脱硝性能,当入口质量NO浓度为1 050 mg·Nm⁻³时 ,脱硝效率可达82.42%,氨逃逸率低至0.33%;入口速度与反应温度的交互作用最大,降低入口速度可拓宽催化剂高活性温度窗口,显著提升脱硝性能,将入口速度由7 m·s⁻¹降至1 m·s⁻¹,最佳脱硝效率由69.32%升至89.17%,最低氨逃逸率由8.11%趋近于0;燃煤电厂调峰运行负荷上升会导致脱硝效率下降和氨逃逸加剧。该研究结果可为燃煤电厂SCR脱硝性能的整体优化提供参考。     

Stable isotope analysis in food web research: Systematic review and a vision for the future for the Baltic Sea macro-region

Food web research provides essential insights into ecosystem functioning, but practical applications in ecosystem-based management are hampered by a current lack of knowledge synthesis. To address this gap, we provide the first systematic review of ecological studies applying stable isotope analysis, a pivotal method in food web research, in the heavily anthropogenically impacted Baltic Sea macro-region. We identified a thriving research field, with 164 publications advancing a broad range of fundamental and applied research topics, but also found structural shortcomings limiting ecosystem-level understanding. We argue that enhanced collaboration and integration, including the systematic submission of Baltic Sea primary datasets to stable isotope databases, would help to overcome many of the current shortcomings, unify the scattered knowledge base, and promote future food web research and science-based resource management. The effort undertaken here demonstrates the value of macro-regional synthesis, in enhancing access to existing data and supporting strategic planning of research agendas.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01785-1.     

不同泥龄对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为了揭示不同污泥龄活性污泥的絮凝特性及作用机制,采用序批式反应器,考察污泥龄（solid retention time,SRT）对絮体EPS（extra-micro colony polymeric substances,EMPS）和菌胶团EPS（extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS）2种EPS组分的影响,通过扩展的DLVO理论和EPS组分解析不同污泥龄的絮凝性能。研究结果表明,随着SRT的增大,活性污泥的相互作用能曲线存在明显的势垒和势垒值逐渐减少,EMPS和ECPS含量逐渐减少,且相对于ECPS的变化,EMPS含量随泥龄的变化更加明显,其中蛋白质与腐殖质含量逐渐降低,污泥絮凝性能变好。这表明,较高的污泥相互作用能势垒和EMPS组分含量是污泥絮凝性能低的内在机制,且EMPS中蛋白质和腐殖质含量的变化是不同污泥龄污泥絮凝性能差异的主要原因。     

High Spatial and Temporal Variability of Dry Deposition in a Coastal Region

A real meteorological situation characterized by strong spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological fields in a coastal region of eastern Denmark is examined in view of the transport of a passive tracer and dry deposition. Model simulations using a full mesoscale NWP model (COAMPS^TM) at different horizontal resolutions are performed. A realistic simulation showed that the differences in the amount of dry deposited matter can reach one order of magnitude and larger, during the period of one afternoon, depending on the model horizontal resolution. In addition, the results of an idealized experiment with straight coastline indicate that the horizontal model resolution alone is responsible for most of the differences. This study confirms the importance of high spatial and temporal resolution modelling for environmental applications.