Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by the undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. In this study, the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model is used to evaluate crop yield, water consumption (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the NCP from 1951 to 2006. Their responses to future climate scenarios of 21st century projected by the GCM (HadCM3) with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 emissions are investigated. The results show a rapid enhancement of crop yield in the past 56 years, accompanying with slight increment of ET and noticeable improvement of WUE. There exist spatial patterns of crop yield stemmed mainly from soil quality and irrigation facilities. For climate change impacts, it is found that winter wheat yield will significantly increase with the maximum increment in A2 occurring in 2070s with a value of 19%, whereas the maximum in B1 being 13% in 2060s. Its ET is slightly intensified, which is less than 6%, under both A2 and B1 scenarios, giving rise to the improvement of WUE by 10% and 7% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. Comparatively, summer maize yield will gently decline by 15% for A2 and 12% for B1 scenario, respectively. Its ET is obviously increasing since 2050s with over 10% relative change, leading to a lower WUE with more than 25% relative change under both scenarios in 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the NCP.     

东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统——在黑龙江省的应用

利用东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统预测分析了黑龙江省1971-2006年各年热量年型,计算了哈尔滨市1984-2006年玉米抽雄期的冷害发生概率,同时采用以5-9月平均温度和的距平作为低温冷害指标的方法计算了1971-2006年低温冷害的发生状况.结果显示,上述两种方法计算得到的低温冷害的年份与历史实况基本相符.通过对比分析发现,有81%的年份两种方法计算的结果一致,且在低温年玉米抽雄期的冷害发生概率均较大,说明东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统在黑龙江省的应用效果较好,可为防灾减灾提供科学参考.     

不同老化时间的TiO_2纳米颗粒对玉米生长的影响

为探讨老化时间对TiO_2纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)生物有效性的影响,研究了不同老化时间的Ti O_2NPs(0~120 d)对玉米幼苗生长的影响、在玉米体内的吸收及其在植株不同部位的存在位点等。研究发现,不同浓度的TiO_2NPs(1 000 mg·kg~(-1)和2 000 mg·kg~(-1))加入到土壤中,对玉米幼苗干鲜重没有明显的影响,但老化时间小于60 d时,对玉米幼苗株高有一定的抑制效应,老化60 d之后,随着老化时间的继续延长,毒性逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。老化60 d时,TiO_2NPs处理的玉米幼苗根冠增大,玉米幼苗体内产生H2O_2的累积。在Ti O_2老化土壤中生长的玉米幼苗根系和地上部均有Ti的累积,1 000 mg·kg~(-1)的TiO_2NPs在玉米幼苗根部的生物累积系数达到35.4%,在地上部为13.6%,在玉米植株体内的转运系数为0.38;通过TEM观察,TiO_2NPs可以进入到玉米幼苗体内,并存在于根细胞的细胞质和叶绿体膜上,在叶片细胞的液泡和细胞核中也发现有TiO_2NPs的存在。上述研究结果为客观评价TiO_2NPs的生态风险提供了有用信息。     

不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式,实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益,以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象,通过2007─2011年4个轮作季,探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照,从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式,设置3种高产施肥培育模式,分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理）,进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高,达75430 kg·hm-2,其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2,当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理,分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2,但与处理B无显著差异;处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21,处理D为36.71,处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后,土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰,A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层,处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A、C、D;所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积,处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2;0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2,处理B、D显著低于处理A、C,D和B间差异不显著。因此,处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式,合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.     

稻草和玉米秸秆燃烧烟尘中正构烯烃的组成

在明火燃烧和闷烧条件下对6种稻草和5种玉米秸秆进行了燃烧试验,并对烟尘中的正构烯烃进行了分析.结果表明,在稻草明火烟尘中,正构烯烃由C15~C29组成,其平均总含量为918.7mg/kg,低碳数与高碳数正构烯烃含量比(L/H)的平均值为0.6,碳优势指数(CPI)的平均值为1.2.正构烯烃呈双峰式分布,两个峰碳数主要是C24和C28.在稻草闷烧烟尘中,正构烯烃由C17~C29组成,其总含量、L/H、CPI等的平均值分别是517.0mg/kg、0.7和0.9.正构烯烃同样呈双峰型分布,两个峰碳数主要是C23和C28.在玉米秸秆的明火烟尘中,正构烯烃由C19~C29组成.其总含量、L/H、CPI等的平均值分别为126.0mg/kg、0.7和1.3.正构烯烃呈单峰型分布,主峰碳数主要是C24和C23.在玉米秸秆的闷烧烟尘中,正构烯烃由C17~C29组成,其总含量、L/H、CPI等的平均值分别是198.9mg/kg、1.8和 0.9.正构烯烃呈双峰式分布,其主峰碳数均为C23,次峰碳数主要是C29.在两类秸秆燃烧产生的烟尘之间,正构烯烃的组成存在明显差别.这有助于识别气溶胶中稻草或玉米秆燃烧来源的此类污染物.     

Exposure of ground water to alachlor,atrazine and metolachlor in maize areas of ribatejo and oeste (Portugal)

In irrigated maize areas of an important Portuguese agricultural area, Ribatejo and Oeste Region, alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor were detected in ground water.

During the study performed from 1996 to 1998 atrazine was the herbicide that showed the highest frequency of detection. In the 177 ground water samples collected 62% were contaminated with atrazine, 30% with alachlor and 12% with metolachlor. All these herbicides were detected both in ground water for human consumption and for irrigation, in some cases above 0.1 ug/L. The maximum levels quantified were 13μg/L for alachlor, 30μg/L for atrazine and 56 μg/L for metolachlor.

Seasonal variation of residues in ground water it is also presented through several examples of studies performed during the period 1991–1999.     

施肥对不同肥力水平春玉米农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

选取辽河灌区不同肥力水平春玉米(Zea mays ssp. mays L.)农田土壤为研究对象,通过连续3年田间定位试验研究施肥对不同层次土壤有机碳组分(TOC、ASOC、LFOC、DOC和MBC)的影响,分析土壤有机碳组分的产量效应.结果表明,连续种植春玉米能够显著增加低产田土壤w(TOC),增加各产田土壤w(ASOC)和w(MBC),降低各产田土壤w(LFOC),土壤w(DOC)变化较小.施肥使土壤w(TOC)增加了-13.41%~7.54%,平均增加了0.16%;使高产田表层(0~10 cm)土壤w(TOC)显著增加,低产田犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤w(TOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤w(ASOC)增加了-13.98%~72.22%,平均增加了15.82%;使低产田犁底层和高产田耕层(10~20 cm)土壤w(ASOC)显著增加,中产田耕层土壤w(ASOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤w(LFOC)增加了-42.60%~168.57%,平均增加了48.83%;使中产田表层和犁底层、高产田表层和耕层土壤w(LFOC)显著增加,高产田犁底层土壤 w(LFOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤 w(DOC)增加了-42.74%~51.29%,平均增加了9.36%;使中产田耕层和犁底层、高产田表层和耕层土壤 w(DOC)显著增加,低产田耕层土壤 w(DOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤 w(MBC)增加了-1.16%~19.97%,平均增加了9.32%,除中产田耕层土壤之外其他土层土壤w(MBC)均有所增加.施肥主要提高土壤ASOC和LFOC含量,促进土壤DOC的变化.施肥显著增加低产田土壤有机碳组分含量,促进中产田土壤有机碳组分变化,增加高产田土壤有机碳耗损.施肥主要增加表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳组分含量,耗损犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤有机碳,调解耕层(10~20 cm)土壤活性有机碳组分.施肥对微生物可利用性及结构不同的活性有机碳组分影响不同;高、中、低产田因其土壤理化性状及有机碳本底值不同,对施肥的响应存在差异.施肥总体增加土壤活性有机碳各组分含量,同时通过改变微生物及玉米根系活力影响活性有机碳含量及组分.土壤中有机碳组分与产量的回归方程为(产量)=-4665.61-0.008×w(SOC)-0.421×w (ASOC)-0.777×w (LFOC)+5.370×w (DOC)+33.408×w (MBC).ASOC和MBC具有土壤肥力指示作用,施肥主要通过调控土壤ASOC提高玉米产量.     

秸秆与氮肥配施对辽西旱区土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验研究了玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆与氮肥配施对耕层土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。试验设4个秸秆还田量水平,2个施氮量水平。结果表明：在秸秆配施氮肥条件下,耕层土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及有机质和全氮质量分数均表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而提高,而硝态氮（3NO-N）和铵态氮（＋4NH-N）质量分数则表现为随着玉米秸秆还田量的增加而减少,4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮质量分数均呈显著正相关,与土壤硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数则呈显著负相关。玉米秸秆还田量9 000 kg.hm-2配施氮肥量420 kg.hm-2是辽西风沙半干旱区效果较好的技术措施。     

缓释微胶囊EDTA强化玉米提取土壤中铅铜的效应研究

将EDTA转化成具有缓释性能的微胶囊EDTA（Cap-EDTA）作为螯合剂,采用大宝山矿区周边重金属复合污染农田土壤进行重金属连续批浸提及盆栽试验,比较研究Cap-EDTA和未微胶囊化EDTA（Ncap-EDTA）对土壤铅铜活化的动态变化及其对玉米吸收提取铅铜的影响。结果表明：Cap-EDTA处理土壤溶液中初始增溶的铅铜质量分数显著低于Ncap-EDTA处理,且使土壤溶液中的铅铜质量分数长时间持续保持在适度范围内。添加Cap-EDTA的处理显著提高玉米吸收提取铅铜的效率,如实施3 mmol·kg-1的Cap-EDTA使玉米地上部Pb的积累高达1.26 mg·pot-1,是对照处理的1.9倍,是等量Ncap-EDTA处理的1.4倍。因此,在进行污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控时,采用微胶囊化EDTA,能降低因直接实施EDTA而带来的污染地下水风险,且显著提高玉米修复效率。