A Critical Appraisal of Field Evidence From A Regional Survey for Acid Deposition Effects On Scottish Moorland Podzols

Samples have been collected from major horizons of 34 podzol profiles distributed throughout Scotland, all developed from granite or granitic tills and under Calluna moorland. the pH in water and calcium chloride pastes, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity, and extractable aluminium of the soils collected have been measured, and the results studied in relation to reported atmospheric deposition of H⁺, non-marine sulphur and nitrate. for all horizons, significant positive correlations were found between soil pH and rainfall mean pH, as might be expected when the critical load of H⁺ deposition is exceeded. Acidifying pollutant deposition also apparently increased soil extractable aluminium concentrations in the B and C horizons. However, exchangeable base cation concentrations tended to increase, rather than decrease, with increasing precipitation acidity. This effect was attributed to increases in biogeochemical cycling of base cations, increases in leaching inputs of base cations from overlying A/E horizon soils, and increases in the inputs of base cations leached from upslope. the results suggest that the simple steady state mass approach to the quantification of critical loads, as often applied, may be an oversimplification.     

Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. II. Weathering of enhanced photodegradable polyethylenes under marine and freshwater floating exposure

The weatherability of three types of enhanced photodegradable polyethylene films and corresponding control films were studied under outdoor and marine floating conditions at two exposure sites. Progress of weathering was monitored using tensile elongation at break. In general, both the enhanced-degradable plastics and the corresponding controls degraded slower in marine exposure than in outdoor exposure. This is attributed to the lower sample temperatures (compared to samples exposed outdoors) and to shielding from light afforded by surface fouling in samples exposed floating in sea water. Enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes disintegrated faster than the control samples in the case of both outdoor and marine exposures. The improvement obtained in marine exposures was greater than that for outdoor exposure of corresponding sample types. This is due to the extremely slow rates of disintegration of control films under marine floating conditions.     

Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. III. The effect of weathering of polyethylene and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymers on moisture and carbon dioxide permeability

Two enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes were studied to determine the effect of photooxidative degradation upon transport properties. Water vapor permeability of LDPE films containing metal compound prooxidants, weathered to different extents under outdoor exposure was studied. A film made of LDPE blended with 20 wt% of polycaprolactone was also examined to determine if biodegradation over a 40-day period resulted in a measurable change in its water vapor transport characteristics. A gravimetric technique was used to study the effects of outdoor and weather-ometer exposures on the permeability of carbon dioxide of both the LDPE film and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymer films. Generally, photooxidative degradation was seen to be accompanied by a change in transport characteristics of the polymer films.     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOFTWATER FLORIDA LAKES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ACID PRECIPITATION1

ABSTRACT: Based on alkalinity data for 596 lakes, 31 percent of Florida's 7300 lakes have < 100 μeq/l alkalinity and are sensitive to acid depostion. More than two-thirds of the lakes in 12 northern Florida counties fit this criterion. Increasing aluminum and decreasing nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were observed with decressing pH in a survery of 20 softwater lakes. Maximum measured aluminum values (100-150 μg/L) are below levels asociated with fish toxicity. Factor analysis showed that lake chemistry was related to three principal factors, representing three major processes: watershed weathering, acidification, and nutrient inputs. An acidification index defined as the difference between excess SO₄^2- and excess (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) accounted for 74 percent of the variance in lake pH. Comparison of historical (late 1950a) and present data for pH, alkalinity, and excess SO₄^2- indicated loss of alkalinity (>25 μeq/L) and increase in excess SO₄^2- (16-34 μeq/L) in several softwater lakes.     

黑色岩层的风化特征研究

黑色岩层是一种分布广泛且较为特殊的一类岩石 ,它的风化往往会加速各类岩石以及工程建筑物材料的风化与劣化过程。本文从矿物岩石学特征、黑色岩层风化的环境特征、黑色岩层中硫化物矿物氧化的地球化学过程以及硫化物矿物氧化形成的酸性条件下其它矿物的稳定性等方面对湘西地区黑色岩层的风化特征进行了分析 ,为进一步深入研究黑色岩层的风化过程及机理打下了基础。     

海上溢油风化特性及化学分散效果的影响因素研究

以渤海埕北油田Ｂ平台外输原油为对象，在人工模拟波浪下，研究原油特性随风化时间的变化在伴随着的化学分散效果的变化。本文同时研究了化学分散剂处理海上溢油的影响因素。研究结果对于决策溢油事故时能否使用分散剂，在什么时间、条件下、使用保种分散剂具有指导意义。     

The dynamic development of bacterial community following long-term weathering of bauxite residue

Bauxite residue is the industrial waste generated from alumina production and commonly deposited in impoundments. These sites are bare of vegetation due to the extreme high salinity and alkalinity, as well as lack of nutrients. However, long term weathering processes could improve residue properties to support the plant establishment. Here we investigate the development of bacterial communities and the geochemical drivers in bauxite residue, using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Long term weathering reduced the pH in bauxite residue and increased its nutrients content. The bacterial community also significantly developed during long term weathering processes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that natural weathering processes encouraged the populations of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes, whereas reducing the populations of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that total organic carbon (TOC) was the dominant factors affecting microbial structure. The results have demonstrated that natural weathering processes improved the soil development on the abandoned bauxite residue disposal areas, which also increased our understanding of the correlation between microbial variation and residue properties during natural weathering processes in Bauxite residue disposal areas.     

四川安宁河流域水化学特征及物源探讨

安宁河河谷地区是四川省第二大粮仓,区内人口较多、矿业发达。查明流域水化学特征及物质来源,对于探讨地质背景与人为活动对河流水化学特征的影响具有重要意义。研究显示,安宁河河水整体偏弱碱性,pH均值为8.18,TDS值高于世界河流平均值。河水中阳离子浓度平均值顺序为Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺,阴离子浓度平均值顺序为HCO₃^- > Cl^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-。空间上,自上游至下游,安宁河河水的TDS值和阴阳离子含量呈整体上升的趋势,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度波动较大。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩的风化,其次是碳酸盐岩的风化。流域内的NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动和土壤有机氮,矿业活动对安宁河河水中SO₄^2-浓度的影响较大,人为活动对安宁河流域水化学的影响不可忽视。     

西南喀斯特流域风化作用季节性变化研究

以西南地区典型喀斯特流域,长江上游一级支流嘉陵江温塘峡段为例,连续2 a按月取样,并通过水化学分析、同位素分析等方法,研究得出嘉陵江温塘峡段水化学类型受地层控制,为HCO3--Ca型.在稀释作用的影响下,除HNO3-的浓度因受人类活动的影响雨季偏大外,其余大部分离子浓度雨季较旱季偏小.所有样品的(Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO3-(浓度比)在0.5～1之间,(Ca2++Mg2+)/(HCO3-+SO24-)(浓度比)大部分处于0.5～1之间,由此表明嘉陵江风化作用主要以碳酸的风化和硫酸风化碳酸岩盐为主,硫酸岩盐的风化为辅.根据同位素分析结果表明嘉陵江水中δ13CHCO-3值为-8.74‰～-7.36‰,δ34SSO2-4值旱季为14.43‰,雨季为12.21‰,表明硫酸对碳酸盐岩的风化作用和硫酸盐岩自身的风化作用在雨季均表现更强,其中,硫酸岩盐自身的风化作用在雨季强度更大,而旱季碳酸对碳酸盐岩的风化作用比较强.     

湖南下寒武统黑色页岩风化释Si的机制与潜力

岩石风化释Si的机制和潜力是Si全球生物地球化学循环研究的重要问题。在湖南安化、洞口、桃江和望城等地采集了下寒武统黑色页岩样品,并选取了麻田（MT）、桃花江（TH）和廖家坪（LJ）等3条风化剖面,运用R型聚类分析和质量平衡计算等方法,研究了黑色页岩风化释Si的机制与潜力。结果表明,湖南下寒武统黑色页岩SiO2含量平均63.4%,略高于上陆壳（62.6%）。MT剖面中Si的释放、淀积行为与磷酸盐矿物和含铁矿物（或铁氢氧化物等）的溶解、沉淀有关,LJ剖面Si的释放、淀积行为与含K硅酸盐矿物和有机质的溶解、沉淀有关。TH剖面Si表现出的强淋溶行为,则与上述组分的关系不显著。湖南地区每风化1 kg下寒武统黑色页岩至少可释放12 g-252 g活动态Si,风化释Si的潜力巨大。