夏季红碱淖水化学特征及影响因素分析

以陕北红碱淖为研究对象,2020年6月对其湖泊水体选取9个采样点采样,分析阴阳离子的空间分布,并利用Piper三线图及离子比例关系分析离子来源及影响因素,探讨红碱淖水化学特征及其影响因素。结果表明：红碱淖水体阳离子测定值为Na+＞Mg2+ ＞Ca2+ ＞K+,阴离子测定值为HCO-3＞Cl-＞SO42-,水化学类型现状为HCO3·Cl-Na型,水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩共同作用。红碱淖主要受岩石风化溶解作用控制,人类活动对水化学特征也有一定的影响。     

Performance of Pultruded Jute Fibre Reinforced Phenolic Composites as Building Materials for Door Frame

The pultruded jute/phenolic composites were aged under various humidity, hydrothermal and weathering conditions. Aging-induced effect of these conditions on the jute profiles was studied in terms of their physico-mechanical properties. It is observed that dimensional change of the profiles was only upto 4% even in an accelerated water aging condition. The effect of absorbed moisture/water on the jute profile was more pronounced in an accelerated water aging than the samples are being exposed to high humidity and alternate wetting and drying cycles. The changes in the values of internal bond strength of the profiles could be used as an indicator because of its sensitivity towards aging. Accentuation of fibres on the weathered samples along with severe resin erosion has suggested to layer the surface of the profiles with rich resin prior to use in the outdoor. The properties of jute profile door frame were satisfactory when compared with the requirements mentioned in IS: 4021–83 – Indian standard specification for timber door, window and ventilator frames. Performance of the installed door frame has shown no sign of dimensional instability in terms of warping and bulging after 3 years. It is suggested that jute door frames could be used as an alternative to the wooden door frames in buildings.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

涂膜耐候钢大气暴露及锈层结构的研究

涂膜JT345耐候钢在青岛、沈阳、北京等地大气环境下曝晒2年,表现出良好的耐腐蚀性能,采用电子探针、X射线衍射等对大气挂片锈层形貌、结构、组成进行了分析,发现JT345耐候钢表面锈层主要由γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH和Fe3O4组成.改性涂层处理可加速耐候钢表面生成致密保护性锈层,该锈层中富集大量的Cr、Cu、P等.     

岩溶流域洪水过程水化学动态变化及影响因素

岩溶流域河流水化学对暴雨/洪水过程有着快速响应,是岩溶碳循环的重要过程,不应忽视.本文通过2015年11月8～12日阳朔断面洪水过程水化学特征的动态监测,分析了各主要离子变化特征和影响因素,计算不同来源无机碳浓度和通量.结果表明,阳朔断面洪水过程各阶段水化学类型为Ca-HCO_3型.水化学离子主要源自碳酸盐岩风化,同时有硅酸盐岩风化、降雨及人类活动的贡献.洪水过程中,受控于水文过程,碳酸盐岩风化强度先急剧减弱后缓慢加强,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的浓度也呈现一致的变化趋势.而SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Na~+和K~+动态变化主要受大气降水和人类活动的影响.碳酸风化碳酸盐岩是无机碳的主要来源,平均占总无机碳74. 3%;因硫酸/硝酸的输入,硫酸/硝酸风化碳酸盐岩在洪水过程中对无机碳的贡献明显增加,最高可达31. 7%.阳朔断面地质碳汇通量在洪水前、第一次洪水过程和第二次洪水过程分别为1. 28×10~8、5. 28×10~8和11. 52×10~8g·d~(-1).洪水前地质碳汇通量与年平均通量相当,而洪水过程数倍于年平均通量.并且,因两次洪水过程碳酸盐岩风化强度存在显著差异,第一次洪水过程地质碳汇通量在相同流量情况下仅为第二次洪水过程的58%.     

海南岛干季化学风化产物输出及其控制因素

根据2014年1月实测的海南岛昌化江径流化学组成,运用物质平衡法和相关分析法估算化学径流组成的来源和控制因素,探讨流域化学风化产物HCO_3~-和溶解性硅(DSi)的输出及生态环境意义。结果表明昌化江流域水体呈中偏弱碱性,化学径流组成阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,阳离子以Ca~(2+)、Na~+为主。其中,77.30%的离子源于流域内硅酸盐岩的化学风化,1.38%的离子来源于碳酸盐岩风化,大气沉降对化学径流的贡献为5.45%,人类活动对干、支流化学径流的贡献分别为15.90%与21.04%,差异显著(P0.01)。地貌条件、岩性及径流深度是影响流域化学径流组成的关键因素。昌化江流域干季输入南海的HCO_3~-和DSi量分别为2.12×10~8 mol、1.38×10~8 mol,是南海海洋生态系统初级生产力的主要物质来源之一,在南海生态系统物质循环预算中不可忽视。     

应用植物篱生态技术治理强风化岩质边坡研究

应用(改良)香根草等高植物篱技术治理与稳固昆明九乡喀斯特(岩溶)地区石漠化病害边坡.试验结果表明,与周边30m范围内发生大量山体滑坡的边坡相对照,该生态恢复工程明显发挥出了防止侵蚀、稳定边坡的作用,且大大改善和恢复了喀斯特石漠化病害边坡的生态环境,突破了土石方工程方法单一、造价高、景观差且阻断该区域植被系统形成的现状.     

环境污染加剧石质文物风化:机理、过程及防护措施

石质文物的风化问题由来已久,在影响石质文物风化的各类因素中,环境恶化对石质文物的风化影响日益严重,但现有研究大多忽略了环境污染加剧的影响。在此背景下,本文从酸性气体排放、温度效应和水体污染三个方面阐述了环境污染加剧对石质文物风化的影响和作用机理,并对现有石质文物的防护措施进行综合比较分析,提出石质文物的保护建议和措施,为新形势下石质文物的保护研究提供新的思路。     

赣江河水主成分及锶同位素地球化学研究

于2007年11月,系统采集赣江流域枯水期河水样品22个,对其主要离子成份组成和锶同位素比值进行了分析测定,以期获得赣江流域化学风化过程及物质来源信息。研究结果显示,赣江流域河水的离子成分主要来源于硅酸岩和碳酸盐岩两端元混合组成的岩石和土壤的化学风化或溶解,且风化作用在近地表环境中进行。流域水体的化学组成基本代表了典型的硅酸岩地区河流的相应化学组成,显示出与碳酸盐岩地区河流及世界主要河流河水化学组成的差异性,如Si、Na、K等含量较高。其次,赣江河水还显示了受人类活动对水体化学组成的影响较大、以及大气CO2消耗率较高等特点。