MBR系统内丝状菌污泥膨胀的分子生态学解析

膜 生物反应器 (MembraneBioreactor ,MBR)工艺是目前污水处理技术的研究的热点之一 .以前大部分研究集中于宏观工程参数控制和活性污泥特性对系统运行的作用过程 ,针对系统内活性污泥的分子生态学研究尚少 .本文在长期试验运行基础上 ,发现丝状菌在MBR运行过程中容易大量增殖形成污泥膨胀 ,对系统的处理效率及膜污染造成一定影响 .为了对其膨胀发生过程及变化进行深入的机理解析 ,本研究利用荧光原位杂交 (FluorescentinSituHybridization ,FISH)分子生物学分析技术 ,对MBR系统内丝状菌污泥膨胀的发生过程进行了跟踪研究 .发现引起膨胀的丝状菌主要是 0 2 1NⅡ型丝状细菌 ,G2M探针杂交后的丝状菌相对量的变化逐渐升高 .     

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.     

移动床生物膜反应器用于苯酚废水处理的性能研究

实验应用移动床生物膜反应器处理人工配制的苯酚废水,研究了在不同的苯酚进水浓度和不同的水力停留时间时苯酚的去除效率,以及反应器对冲击负荷的承受能力.结果表明,在水力停留时间为24 h、苯酚进水浓度从200 mg·L-逐渐上升至1400 mg·L-1以及苯酚进水浓度1000 mg·L-1、水力停留时间从32 h逐渐降至16 h的条件下,苯酚均能够被完全去除.对冲击负荷,MBBR具有较强的承受能力.由荧光原位杂交技术分析可知,酵母菌和真细菌是反应器中降解苯酚的主要微生物.说明移动床生物膜工艺能够高效地用于苯酚废水处理之中.     

The wild ancestors of domestic animals as a neglected and threatened component of biodiversity

Domestic animals have immense economic, cultural, and practical value and have played pivotal roles in the development of human civilization. Many domesticates have, among their wild relatives, undomesticated forms representative of their ancestors. Resurgent interest in these ancestral forms has highlighted the unclear genetic status of many, and some are threatened with extinction by hybridization with domestic conspecifics. We considered the contemporary status of these ancestral forms relative to their scientific, practical, and ecological importance; the varied impacts of wild–domestic hybridization; and the challenges and potential resolutions involved in conservation efforts. Identifying and conserving ancestral forms, particularly with respect to disentangling patterns of gene flow from domesticates, is complex because of the lack of available genomic and phenotypic baselines. Comparative behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies of ancestral-type, feral, and domestic animals should be prioritized to establish the contemporary status of the former. Such baseline information will be fundamental in ensuring successful conservation efforts.