预处理对打捆麦秸贮存和厌氧生物产沼气的影响

秸秆的长期贮存是秸秆沼气工程长期运行的重要保障,预处理是提高秸秆产气性能的常用方法.为此研究了打捆麦秸贮存与预处理一体化的可行性,分析了麦秸预处理后打捆贮存前后麦秸理化特性、物质结构以及厌氧发酵产气特性的变化.结果表明,将麦秸直接打捆后贮存120 d,对麦秸理化特性、物质结构及产气性能的影响均不明显,影响最大的是堆体上层的麦秸,产气量也仅下降了7.40%;将麦秸用NaOH处理后打捆贮存对提高麦秸干物质(total solid,TS)产气量有一定促进作用,麦秸TS产气量较未贮存麦秸和直接打捆贮存后的麦秸(CK)分别提高了7.02%～8.31%和5.68%～16.96%,对麦秸理化特性的影响不明显;麦秸经尿素处理后打捆贮存,不利于麦秸后续产沼气,麦秸TS产气量较CK下降了2.8%～7.71%;麦秸贮存过程中,将麦秸直接暴露于空气中对麦秸有机物的保存及后续产沼气利用均不利,但影响并不显著,CK和尿素处理堆体上层麦秸TS产气量分别下降了7.40%和4.25%.     

基于植被指数和地表温度的冬小麦遥感干旱监测

针对河北省冬小麦主要种植区2007年发生的一次春旱过程,利用MODIS8天合成遥感资料,结合地面站点数据,分析植被供水指数及其多年距平值在冬小麦生长旺期对站点和区域尺度的旱情响应,探求其在河北省冬小麦旱情日常监测中的可操作性。研究结果表明：在三个典型干旱站点,植被供水指数多年距平值与土壤相对湿度多年距平值有较为一致的时间动态;在区域尺度,植被供水指数对水分亏缺状况敏感,与20cm土壤相对湿度的相关性较好。利用植被供水指数建立的遥感监测模型可用于反演冬小麦种植区旱情空间格局,结果与地面观测资料基本吻合。     

黄淮地区冬小麦霜冻灾害风险评估

黄淮地区是我国主要粮食作物冬小麦的主产区,易受霜冻灾害的影响,研究该区的霜冻灾害风险对保障我国粮食安全具有现实意义。结合分区的冬小麦物候期及其霜冻指标,以该地区56个气象站点1951—2005年日最低气温为基础数据,提取霜冻日记录。并基于年霜日数-年减产率曲线,以信息扩散理论为指导,通过IDW插值得到减产率≥10%、2...     

罗红霉素对不同生长期小麦土壤氮形态和脲酶活性的影响

抗生素类药物作为添加剂被用于养殖业中,大部分以原形或其代谢产物形式进入土壤环境,对土壤环境造成生态危害。通过盆栽实验,研究了不同浓度罗红霉素(ROX)对小麦各生长期根际土壤微生物生物量氮、脲酶和无机氮的影响。结果表明,添加ROX后土壤微生物生物量氮在小麦苗期、拔节期和抽穗期受到显著抑制,而在灌浆期和收获期,土壤微生物生物量氮却显著增长;与对照相比,低浓度(0.2和0.5 mg·kg~(-1))和中浓度(1.0和2.0 mg·kg~(-1))ROX胁迫显著抑制小麦生长苗期、灌浆期和收获期的根际土壤脲酶活性,而在拔节期和抽穗期,却显著诱导脲酶活性;但高浓度(10.0 mg·kg~(-1))ROX胁迫却显著抑制小麦生长期内脲酶活性。低、中浓度ROX胁迫显著诱导小麦生长期中根际土壤中铵态氮浓度增长,而高浓度组ROX胁迫显著抑制土壤中铵态氮浓度。ROX胁迫抑制硝态氮,显示出ROX会影响土壤氮循环。     

Response of winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass to fertilization with ridge mulching-furrow planting in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau北大核心CSCD

As the typical planting pattern of winter wheat in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau, ridge mulching-furrow planting (RMFP) has played an important role in fertilizer efficiency of different fertilizers, and the differences in fertilizer efficiency further influence the diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities. The effects of different fertilization practices on winter wheat yield formation, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) were investigated by field experiments during 2014-2016 in the winter wheat growing region of the dry highlands in southern Shanxi. The treatments included four groups, farmer fertilization (FF), monitoring fertilization (MF), monitoring fertilization combined application of manure (MFM), and monitoring fertilization combined application of bio-organic fertilizer (MFB). Results showed a significant increase in winter wheat yield by optimized and balanced fertilization, and the grain yield of MFB was highest among all treatments, with a value of 4 107-5 400 kg/hm2, which was 14.5%-23.2% (P < 0.05) higher than that of FF. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the winter wheat yield formulation mainly depended on spike number; however, no effect was found on kernel number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Soil microbial biomass was affected by both growth period and fertilization patterns, i.e., the content of SMBC from jointing to flowering stage was highest during the winter wheat growth period, whereas the maximum values of SMBN and SMCP were found during the jointing stage. Changes in the rates of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP during the entire growth period were less than 50%; however, the average contribution rate of optimized fertilization on SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP reached 90%. Compared to single chemical fertilizer applications, the combined application chemical fertilizer and manure or bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the contents of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP; however, the contents of SMBC and SMBN between MFM and MFB had no significant difference, whereas the SMBP of MFB was 19.8%-47.1% (P < 0.05) higher than that of MFM owing to the effect of mixed phosphorus bacteria. The soil microbial biomass C/N and C/P of the different treatments were 6.9-9.8 and 14.4-41.0, respectively, and maximum values occurred during the flowering stage. Given the above, the combined application of reasonable chemical fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer can effectively improve the winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass under RMFP cultivation in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

重金属复合污染对小麦幼苗生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了Cu、Cd、Hg三种重金属元素复合污染对小麦幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:Cu-Hg、Cd-Hg和Cu-Cd-Hg复合处理后小麦幼苗的苗高、单株地上部分鲜质量均低于单独处理的平均值;Cu-Hg、Cd-Hg复合处理的蛋白质含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性和POD活性均高于单独处理平均值,Cu-Cd、Cu-Cd-Hg复合处理蛋白含量低于单独处理平均值,这可能是复合处理有增大效应;复合处理CAT活性低于单独处理平均值。     

秸秆与氰胺化钙调控技术对温室黄瓜生长及氮素残留的影响

温室蔬菜生产中普遍存在着土壤硝态氮积累及地下水硝酸盐污染问题,合理调控氮素是减少氮素淋洗的重要措施之一。文章在京郊温室栽培条件下,以农户的习惯施肥措施为对照,在菜田夏季休闲期间施用秸秆-氰胺化钙并结合作物后期的氮素追施调控技术对秋冬茬黄瓜的生长及土壤硝态氮残留进行研究。结果表明:与当地农户的习惯施肥措施相比,采用秸秆-氰胺化钙综合调控技术显著提高黄瓜的产量,增产率达到20%;显著减少氮素追施数量,并具有最低的根层土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量;收获时该处理的土壤剖面(30～180cm)中硝态氮的积累量比农户习惯施肥降低388kg·hm-2,其中最明显的差异出现在30～90cm土层。表明采用秸秆-氰胺化钙综合调控措施通过土壤氮素形态的调控,明显减轻黄瓜生长季节期间的硝态氮淋洗的风险。     

Investigation on the Chemical Structure of Nonextractable Residues of the Fungicide Cyprodinil in Spring Wheat Using 13C-C1-Phenyl-Cyprodinil on 13C-Depleted Plants—An Alternative Approach to Investigate Nonextractable Residues

Abstract

¹³C-labelled cyprodinil was applied on ¹³C-depleted wheat plants with 27-fold field application rate. A control experiment applying same amounts of ¹⁴C-cyprodinil showed that main portions of the residues were detected in the cellulose (15% NER), hemicellulose (28.3% NER), and lignin fraction (23.3% NER). 16.7% were detected in water soluble polymers, 6% in both, pectin and protein fraction, and 4% in the starch containing fraction. Free cyprodinil was detectable by TLC in all fractions except lignin. A direct characterization of the residues in vivo by CP-MAS was not successful. Cell wall fractions were further analysed by liquid state NMR to determine the structure of the mobilized highly polymer/polar residues: Within lignin, where most of the residues were located at field application rate, neither intact cyprodinil nor its metabolites could not be detected. The ¹³C-label introduced was probably incorporated in the polymer as natural lignin monomers and thus are not considered as bound residues according to IUPAC definition.     

Influence of crop residues on trifluralin mineralization in a silty clay loam soil

Trifluralin is typically applied onto crop residues (trash, stubble) at the soil surface, or onto the bare soil surface after the incorporation of crop residues into the soil. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the type and amount of crop residues in soil on trifluralin mineralization in a Wellwood silty clay loam soil. Leaves and stubble of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (P); Canola (Brassica napus) (C), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (W), Oats (Avena sativa), (O), and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (A) were added to soil microcosms at rates of 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% of the total soil weight (25 g). The type and amount of crop residues in soil had little influence on the trifluralin first-order mineralization rate constant, which ranged from 3.57E-03 day^?1 in soil with 16% A to 2.89E-02 day^?1 in soil with 8% W. The cumulative trifluralin mineralization at 113 days ranged from 1.15% in soil with 16% P to 3.21% in soil with 4% C, again demonstrating that the observed differences across the treatments are not of agronomic or environmental importance.     

壳多糖溶液浸种对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

近年来,对壳多糖(chitosan)的研究日益增多。壳多糖是用甲壳质经脱乙酰基处理而制成。甲壳质又称几丁质,自然界中非常丰富,地球上年生长量多达1000亿t,主要存在于甲壳纲动物(虾、蟹)的骨骼、昆虫纲动物的外骨骼以及菌体中。是一种类似于纤维素的高分子化合物。国外许多研究表明,壳多糖在医药、食品、纺织、造纸和环境治理等方面有广泛的应用价值,从环境保护的角度出发,由海边堆积的甲壳动物残骸中提取甲壳质,是一项使废弃物资源化的新技术措施。