云南野菜资源的开发与利用

云南野菜资源约有６００种左右,发展野菜生产前景广阔,但由于目前开发利用的种类少,生产规模小,资源利用率低。合理开发利用野菜资源,进一步开展科学研究,加大开发力度,对发展山区脱贫具有重要意义。     

中国一年生野生大豆群体的遗传多样性研究

选用来自全国各地的一年生野生大豆２００ 余份材料,从形态性状、等位酶标记和细胞器ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ标记的遗传丰富度和遗传离散度两方面分析了中国野生大豆群体的遗传多样性．结果表明：中国野生大豆天然群体存在着遗传分化,各地理生态群体间的遗传多样性水平不同,南方群体最高,黄淮海群体次之,东北群体最低．南方为一年生野生大豆的遗传多样性中心,也可能是起源中心．     

野生植物汁液对作物营养效应的研究

采用土培试验与化学分析方法研究了３种野生植物汁液对绿豆和玉米生长的营养效应。结果表明，野生植物汁液提高绿豆植株干重、根系活力、磷含量和叶绿素含量，以Ｃ汁液对植株干重提高量最大，达１６５％～２６０％；Ｂ、Ｃ汁液提高绿豆根系活力２５４％～１１０２％。３种野生植物汁液处理的玉米植株干重差异不明显，但却显著提高根系活力和过氧化氢酶活性。     

西藏色季拉山野生观赏树木资源及其开发利用

西藏色季拉山区野生观赏树木资源丰富，有４０科７５属１９０余种。种类最多的科是蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、忍冬科、虎耳草科和豆科。种类最多的属是杜鹃花属、忍冬属、李属、绣线菊属和子属。其中花木占４７．６％，花果木占２４．６％，果木占１１．０％。花木中白花者占４６．４％。果木中红果者占８０．９％。７５．３％的种类生于森林型生境。７４．４％的花木夏季开花。生于阳生灌丛型生境的种类最易被驯化。黄牡丹、多蕊金丝桃、小叶子、素馨花和巨柏等应首先开发。     

Autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon

Summary. Many plant species contain essential oils with allelochemical properties, yet the extent to which these same chemicals can be autotoxic is unclear. In this study, we tested the toxicity of several essential oil components to three species that produce them—Pastinaca sativa and Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), and Citrus jambhiri (Rutaceae). The effects of exogenous application of small amounts of essential oil components to the surface of foliage, followed by a pinprick to allow entry into the leaf, were monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Rapid and spatially extensive declines in photosynthetic capacity were detected within 200 s. The most toxic constituents were monoterpenes. Two sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene and farnesene, and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, by comparison, were not toxic. Autotoxicity of endogenous essential oil was investigated by slicing through containment structures (glands or tubes); significant toxicity, manifested by reduced photosynthetic activity, was observed in all three species but was most pronounced in P. sativa and P. crispum, both of which possess oil tubes.     

人工林与其紧邻农田中野生植物与土壤线虫群落特征对比

我国北方农耕区休耕地种植杨树现象较为普遍,但是人工林对农业生态系统中生物多样性的保护作用却鲜有关注.在山东省宁津县选取3块样地,均为休耕地种植杨树林且紧邻小麦玉米轮作田,对比人工林下、田埂及农田内的草本植物群落特征、土壤线虫群落特征及土壤化学性质,以探究人工林对农业生态系统中生物多样性的作用.结果表明:①植物样方总物种数和样方平均物种数均呈现农田 < 距田埂30 m人工林下 < 距田埂10 m人工林下 < 田埂 < 距田埂20 m人工林下 < 距田埂5 m人工林下的变化规律,其中,距田埂5 m人工林下植物样方总物种数为21种,农田内11种.人工林下草本植物群落多样性指数、丰富度指数均显著高于农田内杂草植物群落相应指数（P < 0.05）.②农田、田埂及距田埂5 m的人工林下的土壤线虫组成存在差异,农田和人工林下土壤线虫优势属为头叶属（Cephalobus）,而田埂中为真头叶属（Eucephalobus）.土壤线虫群落多样性指数、成熟指数、植物寄生线虫成熟指数及线虫通路比在人工林下、田埂和农田之间差异均不显著（P≥0.05）,土壤线虫均为耐环境压力类群.③人工林下与农田土壤中总氮（TN）、总碳（TC）含量差异不显著（P≥0.05）,而田埂和人工林下土壤碳氮比（C/N）显著高于农田内（P < 0.01）,表明林下和田埂土壤中有机物分解矿化速度低于农田内.土壤TN含量、TC含量、C/N和pH均与植物群落具有显著关联,而对土壤线虫群落均无显著影响.研究显示,在我国北方休耕地种植杨树林,对于农业生态系统中草本植物多样性保护具有积极作用,但是难以在几年内有效地改善土壤质量.      

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in cattle meat and organs slaughtered in selected towns in West Shoa Zone,Ethiopia

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in a total of 90 cattle samples comprising meat, liver and kidney collected from carcasses slaughtered in six towns in West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, (Ambo, Guder, Ginchi, Gedo, Holeta and Tikur Inchini), have been determined. The pesticides were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and quantification was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A good linearity (r² > 0.998) was found in the range 0.001–7.00 mg/kg for the samples studied. Most of the pesticides had recoveries in the range 81–99% and values of relative standard deviation (RSD) <7.2% for repeatability and reproducibility, showing good accuracy and precision of the method. The concentration level of the studied organochlorines followed the order: p, p’ dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) > endosulfan>o,p′-DDT >lindane>dieldrin>endrin>aldrin>chlorothanolin while the order of contamination in the analyzed organs was liver > kidney > meat. Heat treatment of the meat, kidney and liver samples (boiling for 90 min.) produced an overall reduction of 62.2%, 44.5%, 37.7%, 29%, 31%, 34.3% and 30.8% in lindane, o, p′-DDT, endosulfan, p, p′-DDT, chlorothanolin, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin, respectively. Although the residual contents of the organochlorines detected in all the contaminated samples analyzed from the six cities were below the respective maximal permissible levels set by international organizations, samples from Holeta town were more contaminated and may necessitate effective monitoring as bioaccumulation of these residues may pose health problems in human beings.     

Bioavailability and tissue distribution of Dechloranes in wild frogs (Rana limnocharis) from an e-waste recycling area in Southeast China

Dechlorane Plus(DP), a flame retardant used as an alternative to decabromodiphenylether, has been frequently detected in organisms, indicating its bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in aquatic and terrestrial species. However, little data is available on the bioaccumulation of DP in amphibians. Dechlorane Plus and its analogs(DPs) were detected in the liver, muscle and brain tissues of wild frogs(Rana limnocharis), which were collected from an e-waste recycling site, Southeast China. DP, Mirex, Dec 602 and a dechlorinated compound of DP(anti-Cl11-DP) varied in the range of 2.01–291, 0.650–179, 0.260–12.4, and not detected(nd)–8.67 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. No difference of tissue distribution was found for syn-DP, Mirex and Dec 602 between the liver and muscle tissue(liver/muscle concentration ratio close to 1, p 0.05). However, higher retention was observed for anti-DP and anti-Cl11-DP in the frog muscle relative to the liver tissue(liver/muscle concentration ratio 1, p 0.05). Additionally, the blood-brain barrier was found to work efficiently to suppress these compounds entering brain tissues in this species(liver/brain concentration ratio 1, p 0.05), and the molecular weight was a key factor impacting the extent of the blood-brain barrier. Compared to levels in the muscle and brain tissue, a preferential enrichment of syn-DP was observed in the liver tissue, suggesting the occurrence of stereo-selective bioaccumulation in the wild frog.     

野生及养殖背角无齿蚌中元素的生物积累特征

作为建立渔业生态环境“淡水贝类观察”体系的基础研究之一,以宜兴养殖水域（N=7）和太湖三山岛自然水域（N=7）采集的背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为对象,运用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了背角无齿蚌软组织中元素Na、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Se、Cu、Cr、Cd的质量分数范围,并对各种元素积累水平的差异进行比较研究。结果表明,两水域中背角无齿蚌对元素的积累高低顺序具有相似的趋势。其中Ca质量分数最高,Co、Cr的质量分数最低,其它元素界于其间。养殖蚌样中的常量元素Na、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Mn、Co的积累质量分数高于或接近自然水域蚌样中的相应元素,但后者中的重金属元素Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni质量分数显著地高于前者。养殖水域蚌样中的Mg-K、Mg-Ca、Mg-Ni、Mg-Mn、K-Ca、K—Co、K．Mn、Ca—Co、Ca—Ni、Ca．Mn、Ni—Mn、Cr-Co、Cu-Cd以及自然水域蚌样中的Mg—K、Ca-Cr、Ca—Mn、Ca-Ni、Ca-Cd、Cr—Mn、Cr-Ni、Cr-Cd质量分数之间呈现显著的相关性。