鸡粪与中药渣共堆肥对抗生素抗性基因的影响

畜禽粪便是抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistant genes,ARGs)进入环境的重要途径,为了削减畜禽粪便中的ARGs,在为期46 d的鸡粪与中药渣共堆肥后,对不同阶段ARGs和可移动基因元件(mobile gene elements,MGEs)的丰度通过实时定量PCR进行检测. 100种ARGs中检测到21种,以及2种整合酶基因(int I1和int I2)和3种转座酶基因(tnp A-01、tnp A-02和tnp A-03).结果表明,在堆肥过程中5种MGEs均显著降低,其中tnp A-01和tnp A-02去除效果最好,减少了两个数量级;氨基糖苷类抗性基因aac A/aph D和aad E显著性降低(P 0. 05);β-内酰胺类抗性基因bla OXA1与堆肥天数显著相关(P=0. 016),其去除率为78. 63%;林可酰胺类抗性基因均随堆肥时间显著降低,平均去除率为90. 39%;四环素类抗性基因的去除效果相差较大,tet G降低了99. 77%,tetR仅降低了31. 72%;喹诺酮类抗性基因qnr D去除率最高为99. 89%;磺胺类中sulⅢ的去除率高达99. 88%,而sulⅠ呈增长趋势. ARGs与MGEs相关性表明tnp A-01与ARGs之间具有显著相关性(P 0. 05). ARGs随堆肥时间的变化趋势表明,中药渣与鸡粪共堆肥可显著降低ARGs丰度,从而降低畜禽粪便在农田施用中ARGs扩散的风险.     

紫云英配施氮肥对稻田生态系统服务功能的影响

紫云英是南方稻田重要的绿肥作物,翻压还田后可替代部分氮肥,减少化肥用量,提高农产品产量和品质。基于农田生态系统服务功能价值理论与方法,选取农产品供给、气体调节、土壤养分累积和水分涵养4类服务功能,对紫云英翻压配施不等量氮肥各处理下的稻田生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估。结果表明：紫云英还田后配施氮肥提高了稻田生态系统服务功能总价值。与冬闲处理相比,冬种紫云英处理下的农产品总产出增幅达7.56%~20.83%,气体调节功能价值增幅为21.64%~37.61%,水分涵养功能价值增幅为8.74%~26.26%,稻田生态系统服务功能总价值增幅15.15%~41.39%,尤其以紫云英与氮肥配施效果较好,其中紫云英+优化施氮处理在农产品供给总价值、产投比、气体调节功能价值、涵养水分价值等方面最高。该研究初步核算了紫云英配施不等量氮肥条件下的稻田生态系统服务功能总价值,有利于全面认识冬种紫云英的综合效益,为种植绿肥的生态补偿政策提供理论依据。     

中华白海豚保护与研究进展

综述了国内外对中华白海豚(Sousachinensis)的保护与研究进展,陈述了有关中华白海豚的保护工作,重点分析了当前对中华白海豚的研究进展,进而提出了对珠江口中华白海豚的研究展望。     

中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究

在统计有关我国农田土壤重金属相关文献数据的基础上,探讨了我国农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的空间富集现状.收集到有关土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr含量的研究分别为173、138、156、139、140个.首先剔除异常值,然后利用剩余样本进行克里金插值,并统计各省地区重金属含量平均值.结果表明我国重金属空间分布具有明显的区域特征,西南地区土壤重金属含量较高,其他地区相对较低;与分省的土壤背景值相比较,农田土壤Pb和Cd的含量明显高于背景值.土壤Pb在云南省超出背景值最高,为背景值的1.91倍;Cd在辽宁省超出背景值最高,为23.02倍;Zn在云南省富集最为严重,是背景值的1.55倍,Cu最高的是广东省,达到背景值的2.92倍.     

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the phosphorus-limited southern Chinese coastal waters

Three fractions of alkaline phosphatase activity(APA), including phytoplankton APA(phyto-APA), bacterial APA(bact-APA), and free-APA, were examined in the sea surface microlayer(SML) and the subsurface water(SSW) from Daya Bay, Guishan Island, and Guanghai Bay of southern China. Relationships between APA and environmental parameters were analyzed. The growth of phytoplankton was significantly limited by dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) in the three sea areas, especially in Daya Bay. TotalAPA ranged between 1.41 and 35.26 nmol/L/hr, and the highest value was found in Daya Bay. The increased APA in Daya Bay was the result of the increase of phytoplankton biomass and the response of phytoplankton to P limitation. Phyto-APA was the main contributor in Daya Bay, while phyto-and free-APA co-dominated in Guishan Island and Guanghai Bay. Bact-, phyto-, and total-APA showed a significant inverse power function relationship with DIP, and 0.2 μmol/L was the threshold for DIP on particulates and totalAPA. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that DIP limitation together with high N levels enhanced APA. High water temperature and freshwater input accelerated APA as well.Principal component analysis clearly separated samples from the three sea areas, as well as from the SML and the SSW, which indicated the differences in environmental parameters and APA levels. Our results highlight the influence of phosphorus limitation and environmental parameters on APA.     

中国土壤环境背景值研究

本文报告了中国土壤61种元素的背景值以及某些元素在全国的分布特征和变化趋势.简要介绍了中国土壤背景值图集.讨论了土壤背景值在制定土壤环境质量标准、研究人体健康和农业方面的应用实例.     

居住区不同类型绿地释氧固碳及降温增湿作用

报北京城市居住区３种不同种植结构类型的绿地（乔灌草型、灌草型和草坪型）对环境的降温增湿和ＣＯ２调节作用,定量评估了３种绿地夏季释氧固碳温增湿俞灌草型绿地对改善环境碳氧平衡、曙增湿方面均优于藻草型和草坪型２种绿地。     

福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃的分布、来源分析及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱分析技术对福建省茶园土壤中16种多环芳烃进行了定量分析,结果表明,PAHs的总量在0.622~812.0μg/kg之间,平均值为48.4μg/kg。其组成以3环的为主,4环次之,主成分分析和PAHs特征参数分析发现,福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃主要以燃油、木柴和煤燃烧来源为主,部分样点存在油类排放污染。生态风险评价结果显示,福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃已具有不利生物影响效应。     

太湖流域肥料施用策略调整对典型作物系统氮磷流失的影响

太湖流域种植业肥料施用强度普遍较高，且以化学肥料为主要形态.因肥料投入不适宜，种植业氮、磷流失问题显著.2015年以来，各地区积极对种植业肥料施用策略进行调整，但当前工作主要基于粮食作物系统且仍停留在化肥施用总量削减和有机肥施用面积提升层面上，缺少菜地、果园、茶园作物系统的相关数据以及对农业环境问题的响应.对此，以苏州市吴中区为太湖流域典型农区代表，研究2019～2021年稻田、菜地、果园和茶园这4类作物系统肥料策略调整对氮、磷流失的影响.结果表明，肥料源养分投入强度的调控是决定氮、磷流失的关键；适宜的有机肥替代比例有助于降低氮、磷流失风险，但有机肥施用需考虑时机并尽可能搭配农用机械.肥料效率是兼顾农业生产过程环境友好、生产主体经济效益的核心，也是后期肥料施用策略调整的导向.稻田系统的肥料施用策略调整应重视养分中不同元素配比，菜地系统应以种植结构调整为抓手，茶园、果园系统可从复合系统视角制定同时满足茶、果生长的施肥策略，助力构建满足农业绿色发展需求的作物系统.     

Safety performance measurement in collectivized oil companies in China: Contribution of leading indicators to lagging indicators

With the collectivization of the Chinese oil industry, oil companies have been expanding in size. However, the intensified differences in the safety performance of subsidiaries have severely hindered the collaborative management of the headquarters. Understanding the safety status of each member is urgent for parent companies and their subsidiaries to identify gaps and make improvements. A unified set of safety performance indicators and a practical measurement tool are essential for the Chinese oil industry. Hence, this study identified a set of safety performance indicators encompassing both leading and lagging indicators using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and entropy weight method (EWM) to reveal the critical factors affecting the safety performance of the oil industry. A total of 300 front-line workers from eight subsidiaries of an oil company participated in the survey. The identified indicators were preliminarily weighted using EWM. Then, DEA was employed to measure the safety performance of the eight subsidiaries, demonstrating that management commitment was the most crucial factor in distinguishing safety performance; safety culture was more differentiated than risk management. Safety performance was not entirely positively correlated with safety investments, but the reasonable allocation of safety resources played a vital role. In addition, the weaknesses in each subsidiary's safety management were identified, and the quantitative effects of each leading indicator on safety performance were obtained.