Fighting against water crisis in China—A glimpse of water regime shift at county level

Three decades of economy growth and urbanization has brought China into the rim of water crisis. Transition to sustainability has gained consensus and put into practice at all administrative levels. However, due to locking mechanisms such as sunken investments, vested interests, and economic structure, such transition would not prove to be easy. Here we adopt the Multi-Level Perspective framework to analyze a county level water regime shift in Yiwu of Zhejiang province, which is representative for its economic success and severity of water problem in China. The transition is described as the interactions between water regime subsystems including society, economy, administration, infrastructure, and natural water cycling process, as well as the influence from the landscape level such as politics. Figures show that the water system is making a turnaround to the better side, while the government plays a key role in pushing and managing the transition. This study allows us to have a glimpse of the whole water regime transition currently happening in China, as well as being used for reference in other parts of the developing world, for the promoting of sustainable water resource management.     

Crossing Invisible Boundaries: the Effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a Harvest Refuge for a Migratory Fish Species in South Africa

Abstract:  The application of no-take areas in fisheries remains controversial. Critics argue that many targeted species are too mobile to benefit from area protection and that no-take areas are only appropriate for resident species. The degree of protection does not depend on the size of the no-take area but rather on the time fish reside inside its boundaries during key life-history events (i.e., spawning) and during periods of peak fishing activity. We evaluated the potential of a small no-take marine protected area (MPA) inside a coastal embayment as a harvest refuge for a mobile, possibly migratory, long-lived fish species. We used acoustic telemetry to track movements of 30 transmitter-tagged white stumpnose (Rhabdosargus globiceps) across and on both sides of the boundary of a small (34 km²) no-take area over a full year. Being landlocked on 3 sides, the location of the MPA inside the lagoon made it practical to detect all boundary crossings and to calculate the time individual fish used the MPA. We detected frequent movements across the boundary, with strong seasonal and individual variations. There were significant differences in MPA use patterns between fish from different release areas. The time spent in the MPA by individual fish during summer (mean 50%; max 98%) was out of proportion with the size of that area (4% of total habitat). Summer coincided with peak recreational fishing activity and with the spawning season of this species. The small MPA provided a refuge for a part of the spawning stock of white stumpnose. Our findings suggest that if strategically placed, a small no-take area can be effective in protecting mobile species and that models of spillover from no-take areas should account for seasonal and individual variation in area use and the spatiotemporal distribution of fish and fishers.     

美国反环境运动初探

美国反环境运动是企业和保守利益集团联合起来对环境运动的反动，目的是削弱公众对环境问题的关注，改变公众对环境问题的看法，推翻妨碍自由市场和企业利润的环境法规。自由主义智囊团、法人资源论者和明智利用运动是反环境运动的主力，它们盗用环境运动的修辞，展开各种策略进行反环境运动，虽然取得政治成功并赢得基层支持，但目的是维护自身的利益，并没有对环境问题提出解决方案，因而不能取代环境运动。     

Analysis and Countermeasures on Effective Land Use of Rural Residential Area in Jinan, Shandong Province

With the improvement of urbanization and the expansion of urban size, the cultivated land decreases gradually but the demand for urban land increases, thereby resulting in the conflict of land use. Analyzing the status quo of land use of rural residential area, this paper points out that two main problems, namely, the low degree of land use, and the waste of land resources that are prevalent in the rural residential area. Based on the above analysis, the author states that the emphasis on land use will be the plain regions in the future, and adoption of reasonable economic measures will be the new solution to the problems.     

真空热试验红外加热笼运动驱动系统设计

目的解决在航天器真空热试验中,单纯依靠红外加热笼自身设计,无法兼顾高、低温工况外的热流模拟需求问题。方法设计一套运动驱动系统,并应用于型号试验,通过调整红外加热笼的相对位置,调节不同工况下外热流模拟能力。结果该系统满足空间环境模拟器机械和电接口要求,克服了真空热试验环境高真空、超低温等因素的影响,实现了红外加热笼的平稳可靠移动,使其最大、最小辐射热流密度等指标得到显著提升。结论真空热试验中,通过运动驱动系统适时调整红外加热笼的相对位置,可以使其更好地适应不同工况需求,并提高外热流模拟整体能力。     

综采搬家新技术与装备研究

通过对鄂尔多斯纳林庙煤矿二号井综采工作面搬家倒面设备、物流运输管理与控制、回撤巷道系统及其稳定性、工序控制、安装回撤技术等关键问题展开研究,采取了多种现场及流程控制措施,得到了一种有效的搬家新技术,最终实现了综采工作面＂安全、快速、优质＂的回撤安装。     

北京市秋季大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布特征的观测研究

为了研究不同天气形势和气象要素对不同粒径段的大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布的影响,2010年秋季在北京市采用空气动力学粒径仪对0.5 ～20 μm的大气颗粒物进行了为期2个月的连续观测.结果表明,在不同天气形势和气团运动下,质量浓度谱分布差异明显.受到西北气流影响,在质量浓度较小的清洁天气,谱分布主要集中在粗粒径段(清洁天气).当天气以静稳为主,颗粒物质量浓度值中等偏高时,粗细粒径气溶胶分布中出现谱值相近的高峰(中等浑浊天气).在受到西南气流主要影响的高质量浓度的观测日中,细粒径气溶胶在谱分布中占主要地位(高浑浊天气).在相同气团影响的天气下,昼夜间质量浓度谱分布的谱型变化趋势一致.清洁天气保持了粗粒径段的单峰分布,中等浑浊和高浑浊天气呈双峰分布.清洁天气细粒径段谱值受光化学反应影响在日间略高于夜间.中等浑浊天气中质量浓度的谱值在夜间受相对湿度和温度变化影响有显著增加.高浑浊天气下,昼夜温湿差别小,谱分布未出现明显变化.     

论可持续发展的思想与概念

本文阐述了可持续发展思想的形成与发展,从哲学、伦理、生态学、科学技术、社会经济和人类社会发展规律揭示了可持续发展思想形成的深刻背景,并从“天-人”、“人-地”和“人-人”关系定义了可持续发展的概念。     

Is the EU WFD suitable to support IWRM planning in non-European countries? Lessons learnt from the introduction of IWRM and River Basin Management in Mongolia

The Water Framework Directive (EU WFD, 2000/60EC, European Commission, 2000) is a comprehensive tool for water management taking Europe’s diverse national and local policy contexts into account. This has positioned the EU WFD as a potential tool to enhance the implementation of the globally-promoted integrated water resources management concept (IWRM) in developing and transition countries that to date lack comparable regulations. Using the case of Mongolia, a country that has shown interest in using aspects of the EU WFD for implementing its IWRM concept, we will discuss the extent to which the EU WFD also provides a framework for IWRM outside Europe. We find that the EU WFD may provide guidance for the implementation of ecosystem-based River Basin Management (RBM) within an existing national IWRM concept, in terms of public participation and in terms of economic analysis. However, the application of concepts EU WFD is easier if strong political will, good monitoring capacities and a legislative backbone covering key IWRM principles and the capacity for enforcement are in place. Also, the EU-WFD does not provide guidance in terms of water-related issues that are e.g. addressing gender, poverty and capacity development. Thus, the EU WFD cannot serve as a blueprint, as it requires adaptation to the different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts of the implementing country and it does not inform all aspects of IWRM.     

A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods

Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.