Herbicide movement and dissipation at four midwestern sites

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropyl‐1, 3, 5‐triazine) and alachlor (2‐chIoro‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide) dissipation and movement to shallow aquifers across the Northern Sand Plains region of the United States. Sites were located at Minnesota on a Zimmerman fine sand, North Dakota on Hecla sandy loam, South Dakota on a Brandt silty clay loam, and Wisconsin on a Sparta sand. Herbicide concentrations were determined in soil samples taken to 90 cm four times during the growing season and water samples taken from the top one m of aquifer at least once every three months. Herbicides were detected to a depth of 30 cm in Sparta sand and 90 cm in all other soils. Some aquifer samples from each site contained atrazine with the highest concentration in the aquifer beneath the Sparta sand (1.28 μg L^‐1). Alachlor was detected only once in the aquifer at the SD site. The time to 50% atrazine dissipation (DT₅₀) in the top 15 cm of soil averaged about 21 d in Sparta and Zimmerman sands and more than 45 d for Brandt and Hecla soils. Atrazine DT₅₀ was correlated positively with % clay and organic carbon (OC), and negatively with % fine sand. Alachlor DT₅₀ ranged from 12 to 32 d for Zimmerman and Brandt soils, respectively, and was correlated negatively with % clay and OC and positively with % sand.     

Effects of organic matter on phosphorus release kinetics in different trophic lake sediments and application of transition state theory

Sediments have a significant influence on the overlying water, and phosphorus (P) release from sediments is an important source for the lake eutrophication, particularly in shallow ones. In this study, effects of organic matter on P release from sediments in different trophic lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, China, were investigated, and the release kinetics of different P fractions at different temperature were studied. The results show that the release kinetics of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) were similar for the studied sediments, the release rate increased rapidly in the initial hours, and it increased gradually after 10h. The release kinetics of SRP, DOP and DTP followed the Power Function model. SRP was the major fraction among the released DTP, while DOP was an important fraction in the heavily polluted sediments. Organic matter restricted the SRP and DTP release while it promoted the DOP release. Both DOP and SRP release processes were endothermic. The thermodynamic properties in the P release kinetics were calculated and discussed.     

Place attachment and place identity: First-year undergraduates making the transition from home to university

This paper examines the issues emanating from the transition into a new social and cultural environment distant from the home, the context of which is provided by the transition from home to university. The study analyses the transitional process over a period of 5 months, using data obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation of ten first-year undergraduates who moved to study at the University of Gloucestershire in Cheltenham. It explores the mediating variables that impact place attachment and place identity during the transition from home to university. Within this context consideration is given to how participants made sense of changes in their socio-spatial environment, the ensuing problems and challenges of doing so, and how these meanings affected self-perceptions and self-evaluations. The analysis demonstrates how participant's stories of the transition evince an abiding concern with the loss of place, manifest in terms of an erosion of a sense of belonging, attachment and continuity and an undermining of home's capacity to symbolise the self. The implications of such accounts for our understanding of place attachment and identity are then explored. The paper concludes by advocating a holistic approach to our conceptualisation of place, given that place meanings are constantly being evaluated and redefined in light of changing social and physical relationships with place and between people and place.     

长江八里江江段江豚种群数量、行为及其活动规律与保护

1989－1999年，在长江八里江江段对江豚进行了28次往返观察和8次定点观察。结果表明，近10年八里江江段江豚种群数量遥感量逐年呈明显递减趋势，平均每年以7．3％速率递减；1996年后，枯水季节江豚不再进行江一湖迁移，其活动范围仅限于约20km长的八里江江口上下江段，较1993年以前缩短了约40km。江豚在八里江江段的行为多种多样，通过对江豚种群在八里江江段的集群、摄食、逃避、发情与交配、抚幼、歇息和玩耍行为的描述、比较和分析，认为长江八里江江段是江豚典型的摄食和抚幼场所，同时也是江豚大规模集群的适宜栖居地。提出了加强八里江江段江豚种群常年监测的必要性，并对八里江江段江豚种群的就地保护提出了建议。     

塔里木河下游输水河道二侧地下水埋深动态变化

根据2000-2003年的实地监测资料,分析了塔里木河下游生态输水过程中河道二侧地下水埋深的动态变化及其对沿岸植被的影响,提出了进一步提高塔里木河下游生态输水效益和加强区域生态环境保护工作的对策建议。     

自动扶梯运行方式对地铁站台人员安全疏散的影响

地铁车站站台人员密集,客流量大,在火灾等应急条件下对人员安全疏散有较高的要求.目前自动扶梯在地铁车站中大量应用,其运行方式(上行、下行、停运、反转)对地铁车站内人员安全疏散有较大影响.利用人员疏散网络模拟软件EVACNT7对某地铁站台层人员向站厅层疏散进行数值模拟,研究了当自动扶梯正常上行时的输送能力,并与不同人流条件下的楼梯的输送能力进行了对比,得到动态折算系数.同时也研究了当自动扶梯停运作为疏散通道使用时的输送能力,并与人流条件优化时的疏散楼梯输送能力进行了对比得到静态折算系数.还研究了下行的自动扶梯在火灾等应急条件下反转上行以降低人员疏散时间,并给出了一种下行自动扶梯反转最迟完成时间的计算方法.研究工作可以为同类地铁站台人员安全疏散设计和应急预案制定提供参考.     

大规模城际人员流动的负向效应与城市群的安全

依托移动互联网定位大数据,测度中国城际出行人员的流动特征,探讨大规模城际人员流动的"负向效应"。基于春运与平日两个时段百度迁徙数据,运用流动规模、广度两项流动性指标,使用局部空间自相关测度全国城际人员流动空间特征;借重大突发公共卫生事件,使用线性回归模型测算城际人员流动给不同类型城市、城市群带来负向效应的差异。结果发现:我国长三角、珠三角、京津冀三大城市群是流动性最强城市的高值聚集区,城市群、超大城市的超强流动性伴随着更大的负向效应风险。表现为:第一,以超大城市为中心的城市群受到城际人员流动负向效应冲击时,会产生更大的负向影响;第二,该类城市群会通过城际人员流动极大地扩散负向效应。提出城市群安全应首要保证流动性的安全,城市群安全应体现在城际流动网络的韧性上。新型城镇化进程中,推动城市群发展战略需要从国土空间安全的视角审视城市群流动性与城市群的安全。     

渤海滩涂沉积物中石油污染物的迁移-转化规律研究

采用紫外分光光度法对2003年夏季渤海滩涂表层沉积物和海水中石油烃含量进行了分析,探讨了海水中可溶油在滩涂沉积物中的迁移转化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,沉积物中石油烃含量在(55.8~2563.4)×10-6,平均值为555.82×10-6,与海洋沉积物质量(GB18668-2002)500×10-6相比,超标率为50%,超标倍数为1.05~5.13倍;受潮流作用和沉积环境的影响,石油烃含量自岸向海呈由低到高的分布特征;研究区是典型的淤泥质海岸带,由于其沉积物颗粒细,有机质含量高,很容易吸附石油烃;沉积物中石油烃是难生物降解的多环芳烃类。     

非均匀电场对土壤中基因工程菌的迁移与机理

以克隆有绿色荧光蛋白基因的Rm1021-GFP细菌作为标记细菌,研究了该细菌在非均匀电场作用下在土壤中的运移特征和存活性,分析了其运移机理和影响因素.结果表明,非均匀电场能有效地促进土壤中Rm1021-GFP细菌的运移,电泳、介电泳和随电渗析流迁移是其主要机理,土壤介质、电压梯度和电极反应是其主要影响因素,电极反应对电极附近细菌的存活性有不利影响.     

流杯池小区危岩落石运动特征分析及其防治建议

在对流杯池小区进行地质灾害调查的基础上,结合边坡地形地貌特点,选取具有代表性的边坡剖面作为危岩体崩塌落石运动特征分析模型,对危岩体崩塌落石的运动过程进行分析,确定落石在边坡不同位置处的运动形式,采取与落石运动形式相对应的运动方程,描述落石的运动轨迹,依据落石的运动路径,提出崩塌落石灾害防治的合理建议。对危岩落石的运动特征分析不仅能为崩塌落石灾害防治提供了理论基础,而且对指导工程实践也具有重要意义。