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141.
Eleanor Warren-Thomas Antje Ahrends Yunxia Wang Maria M. H. Wang Julia P. G. Jones 《Conservation Letters》2023,16(5):e12967
Agricultural commodity production is a major driver of tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss. Natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis, a valuable commodity without viable substitutes, has recently been included in the European Union (EU) deforestation regulation that aims to halt imports of goods containing embedded deforestation. Sustained growth in demand for rubber is driven by increasing tire production, caused by rising transport flows and personal car ownership. We show that average natural rubber yields remain static, meaning 2.7–5.3 million ha of additional plantations could be needed by 2030 to meet demand. A systematic literature search identified 106 case studies concerning transitions to and from rubber, revealing that substantial rubber plantation area expansion since 2010 has occurred at the expense of natural forest. Eliminating deforestation from rubber supply chains requires support for millions of smallholder growers to maintain or increase production from existing plantations, without land or water degradation. Supply chain traceability efforts offer opportunities to deliver such support. While the inclusion of rubber in EU legislation is a positive step, it is critical to ensure that smallholders are not marginalized to avoid exacerbating poverty, and that other markets follow suit to avoid displacement of rubber-driven deforestation to unregulated markets. 相似文献
142.
Philip Chao 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(6):1499-1507
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted an assessment of Great Lakes water resources impacts under transient climate change scenarios. The integrated model linked empirical regional climate downscaling, hydrologic and hydraulic models, and water resource use sub-models. The water resource uses include hydropower, navigation, shoreline damages, and wetland area. The study is unique in that both steady-state 2°CO2 and transient global circulation model (GCM) scenarios were used and compared to each other. The results are consistent with other impact studies in that high scatter in regional climate among the GCM scenarios lead to high uncertainty in impacts. Nevertheless, the transient scenarios show that in the near-term (approximately 20 years) significant changes could occur. This result only adds to the urgency of creating more flexible and robust management of water resources uses. 相似文献
143.
《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(4):553-571
To meet the mitigation targets set by California's Global Warming Solutions Act there is a need for locally adapted greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory methods and policy principles that help rural communities prioritize opportunities for agricultural GHG mitigation. Here, inventory methods prescribed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and local activity data on agricultural land uses and inputs were used to conduct an inventory of agricultural emissions for a rural county in California for 1990 and 2008. Total emissions from agriculture in Yolo County were found to decline by 10.4% during this period, due to a reduction in irrigated cropland acreage, a shift towards crops which require less N, and a reduction in N rate for some crops. Average emissions per hectare of urban land were >70 times more than our estimate for irrigated cropland. This suggests that policies which protect farmland and encourage ‘smart growth’ may help curb future emissions. Opportunities also exist to reduce emissions through voluntary, incentive-based, and market-driven initiatives which promote the adoption of innovative agricultural practices. To be effective, local policy makers must work closely with agricultural stakeholders to anticipate and adapt to the practical tradeoffs and co-benefits of new climate policies. 相似文献
144.
《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(5):657-665
Many of the world's rangelands are degraded due to either natural or anthropogenic causes. One of the main indicators of the degradation process is the depletion of the organic carbon stocks in the soil. The organic carbon plays a crucial role in supporting the soil microbial community, maintaining the soil structure formation and stability, and retaining water and nutrients in the uppermost soil layers. Biochar, the by-product of the pyrolysis technology for bio-energy production, has been proven to have the capability to efficiently maintain soil quality and increase vegetative production. At the same time, the inert nature of the biochar enables the long-term sequestration of carbon in soil. To date, the application of biochar has been examined almost exclusively in arable lands, but not yet in rangelands. The objective of this paper is to raise awareness of this topic in order to encourage research and development in this field. Progress in knowledge and understanding on this matter could contribute to the reclamation of degraded rangelands. At the same time, it would potentially increase their capacity for long-term sequestration of carbon to a rate of between 0.69 and 10.7 Pg. Large-scale implementation of this practice in the future should be funded through central authorities, based on payments for improvement in ecosystem services. 相似文献
145.
《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(8):1180-1191
This paper explores to what extent moving towards the 30% GHG emission reductions by 2020 with respect to 1990 in the EU can be considered a transformative target. To do so, we first define the concept of transformative targets from a complex systems perspective and show a novel approach and original results using an extended application of the GEM-E3 model. Traditional macroeconomic models cannot easily handle key synergetic system effects derived from green growth and sustainability policies, and thus require additional features. We analyse the role of semi-endogenous growth driven by learning-by-doing and low-carbon investment expectations following a long-term transformative trajectory. 相似文献
146.
Local air pollution and global climate change taxes: a distributional analysis for the case of Spain
Xaquin García-Muros Mikel González-Eguino Desiderio Romero-Jordán 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(3):419-436
Global climate change measures are difficult to implement. In this context, local air pollution measures may play an important role in the political agenda since their effects are felt more immediately by citizens. Distributional implications are one of the main barriers for implementing environmental policies. This paper explores the distributional implications of air pollution taxes and compares them to climate change taxes. For the comparison, both tax schemes were set to yield the same revenue. Methodologically, the study uses a top–down approach linking a macro model to a micro model. We find that taxes on local air pollutants are more regressive than those levied on CO2. This is because the goods implicitly taxed have a greater weight in the consumer basket of low-income groups, even if the tax revenues are recycled. Furthermore, the revenue-neutral recycle scheme increases both taxes efficiency, but, at the same time, can increase regressivity. 相似文献
147.
Daniel Kouloukoui ngelo Marcio Oliveira Sant'Anna Snia Maria da Silva Gomes Marcia Mara de Oliveira Marinho Pieter de Jong Asher Kiperstok Ednildo Andrade Torres 《Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management》2019,26(4):791-804
In addition to sustainability issues, companies are being asked to disclose information on climate change risks in order to inform investors and stakeholders. However, despite the growing number of studies on corporate environmental disclosure, there are few studies on risks and opportunities in relation to climate change. This study investigated the extent and content of climate risks information disclosure provided in the sustainability reports of firms listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange (BM&FBovespa) and tested whether there were any relationships between the amount of climate risks disclosure and some corporation characteristics. The sample was composed of companies that were simultaneously listed on the stock exchange and disclosed the Global Reporting Initiative sustainability reports from 2009 to 2014. The final sample of the study was 67 companies totaling 402 observations. Preliminary results from the content analysis revealed that, although Brazilian companies tend to disclose information on climate risks, the level of this type of disclosure still remains relatively low. Findings suggest that corporate climate risk disclosures have significant and positive relationships with firm size, financial performance, and country origin. Nevertheless, findings indicate that corporate climate risk disclosures have negative associations with level of indebtedness. 相似文献
148.
During the period of 1972 through 1993, Environmental Concern Inc. (EC) and its recent (1989) affiliate Environmental Construction
Company (ECC) have completed 216 marsh construction projects to control upland bank erosion in tributaries of the Maryland
portion of Chesapeake Bay. Of these projects, 26 have involved marsh construction on unaltered existing shores and 190 have
utilized marsh construction on shores that have been restored to former increased elevations through shoreline filling and
grading. This paper describes the latter restoration technique. Throughout the 21-year period of applying the technique for
long-term upland bank erosion control, refinements to the design standards and criteria for site suitability have been made
so as to optimize its successful application. As a result of this experience, a reliable bioengineering restoration technique
has evolved to control upland bank erosion. This paper describes the details of this successful technique through a review
of: (1) its objectives and benefits, (2) suitability of sites for its application, (3) the design of its shore restoration,
(4) its construction, (5) its maintenance, and (6) comparison of its cost with those of structural techniques for bank erosion
control. Although the technique has only been applied in the Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay, its applicability should,
with modifications, be broadly applicable to all water bodies. 相似文献
149.
S. W. Hostetler E. E. Small 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(6):1625-1637
ABSTRACT: We apply a physically based lake model to assess the response of North American lakes to future climate conditions as portrayed by the transient trace-gas simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute (ECHAM4) and the Canadian Climate Center (CGCM1) atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A/OGCMs). To quantify spatial patterns of lake responses (temperature, mixing, ice cover, evaporation) we ran the lake model for theoretical lakes of specified area, depth, and transparency over a uniformly spaced (50 km) grid. The simulations were conducted for two 10-year periods that represent present climatic conditions and those around the time of CO2 doubling. Although the climate model output produces simulated lake responses that differ in specific regional details, there is broad agreement with regard to the direction and area of change. In particular, lake temperatures are generally warmer in the future as a result of warmer climatic conditions and a substantial loss (> 100 days/yr) of winter ice cover. Simulated summer lake temperatures are higher than 30°C over the Midwest and south, suggesting the potential for future disturbance of existing aquatic ecosystems. Overall increases in lake evaporation combine with disparate changes in A/OGCM precipitation to produce future changes in net moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) that are of less fidelity than those of lake temperature. 相似文献
150.
Douglas G. Boyer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(4):583-588
ABSTRACT A model was developed for predicting mean daily, mean daily minimum, and mean daily maximum temperatures in West Virginia. The model is easily used since the only inputs are elevation, latitude, and julian date. With local calibration, the model is expected to apply to other areas in the Appalachian region. 相似文献