河南鸡冠洞洞穴水对极端气候的响应及其控制因素研究

为揭示洞穴水地球化学动态的变化特征及其控制因素,从2009年10月至2013年12月对黄土高原东南缘河南西部栾川县鸡冠洞洞穴水的水化学指标进行了4个完整水文年的动态监测.结果表明:1鸡冠洞洞穴水的化学类型主要是HCO-3-Ca2+-Mg2+和HCO-3-Mg2+-Ca2+型,阴离子中HCO-3占80%以上,阳离子中Ca2+、Mg2+是优势离子,地下河常年处于溶蚀状态,池水、滴水处于沉积状态.2鸡冠洞洞穴滴水、池水可以很好地响应外部气候环境的变化,其地球化学指标具有显著的季节效应.3Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4能够敏感地响应极端气候事件引起的年际降水量变化,Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4浓度洪涝年升高,干旱年降低.HCO-3主要受CO2浓度控制,对极端气候事件响应不明显.4鸡冠洞地下河中Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、SO2-4浓度波动幅度较小,且无明显的季节变化规律.对2010年和2013年的极端降水事件响应不明显.     

松辽流域生态流量赤字及其成因

水资源的过度开发导致了水短缺和水生态退化,因此,提供适宜的生态流量对维护河流健康具有重要意义.以往研究聚焦断面尺度的生态流量及其保障程度,尚未有效剥离上游子流域的影响.本研究以松辽流域为研究对象,运用VMF法、Tessmann-adapted法和Smakhtin-adapted法3种水文学法核算二级水资源区生态流量及1...     

基于GIS的黄土高原地区植被与气候关系研究

排序是植被与环境关系分析的重要手段。利用地理信息系统技术 (GIS)结合除趋势典范对应分析对黄土高原地区植被与气候关系进行了研究。结果清楚地反映了黄土高原地区植被与气候的地带性分布规律 ,证明GIS结合植被数量生态分析方法在黄土高原植被与环境关系的研究中是有效的     

气候变暖背景下西南地区干旱灾害风险评估

论文利用全国基准基本站地面气温、降水资料,NCAR/NCEP土壤湿度资料及各类经济数据,采用加权综合评价法对西南地区干旱灾害风险因子进行分析,结果表明：四川和云南致灾因子危险性较高,气候变暖后四川东南部、云南和贵州西部危险性增加;西南地区中部到东南部成灾环境敏感性较高,气候变暖后四川东部、贵州及云南东部敏感性增加;承灾体易损性主要分布于西南中东部地区,人口密度、经济密度、耕地面积比重越高的地区易损性程度越高;四川中部、云南东北部、贵州南部及重庆西部防灾减灾能力较高。西南地区干旱灾害风险最高区域为云南东部、四川东部、贵州西部及重庆大部分地区;气候变暖后四川东南部、云南西部危险性明显增加。     

气候变化和人类活动对武江流域年径流及最大日流量影响的定量分析

针对气候变化与人类活动对流域年径流及最大日流量变化影响的定量识别问题,以华南湿润区武江流域为例,分别采用HIMS（Hydro-Informatic Modeling System）模型和敏感性系数法,从日和年尺度定量模拟和评估气候变化与人类活动对流域年最大日流量和径流变化的影响过程及贡献率。结果表明：HIMS模型在武江流域适用性良好,日尺度模型率定期和验证期的纳西效率系数分别为0.85和0.77,水量平衡误差绝对值分别为3.1%和3.3%;两种方法均表明气候变化是引起流域年径流量增加的主要因素,人类活动导致了流域径流量的减少,但贡献率较小。气候变化与人类活动导致了流域年最大日流量的增加,气候变化对年最大日流量增加的贡献率为94%,而人类活动的贡献率则为6%。相较于年均径流量,气候变化对年最大日流量的影响更为显著。     

1996—2015年巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地景观格局演变分析

干旱区高寒湿地是极端条件下形成的特殊生态系统,其景观格局演变受众多学者的关注。论文以1996、2006、2010年TM,2000年ETM和2015年OLI五个时期遥感影像为数据源,分析了近20 a巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地景观格局演变特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明：1）近20 a,湿地面积总体呈下降趋势,减幅为5.62%,减速为1.91 km²/a。湿地面积变化以2010年为分水岭,前15 a湿地面积较为稳定,占研究区总面积的比例在77.24%~78.26%之间波动;近5 a湿地面积呈缓慢萎缩趋势,面积比例减少5.28%。2）景观水平上,景观破碎度增大,空间异质性增强,斑块形状趋于复杂;类型水平上,湿地斑块破碎度增加,形状趋于复杂,呈集中分布。3）当日最高气温低于18.7 ℃时,随日最高气温的增加,湿地面积趋于稳定,破碎度变化不明显;当日最高气温高于18.7 ℃时,随日最高气温的增加,湿地面积萎缩,破碎度增加。日最高气温对巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地景观格局演变影响明显大于年降水量。近20 a巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地呈现退化态势,湿地环境趋于逆向演变趋势。     

Exploring public perception of environmental technology over time

This paper analyses how new information shapes public perception of a controversially discussed technology over time. The test case analysed in this paper is solar radiation management (SRM), a potentially risky, environmental engineering technology, which aims to fight climate change by the injection of sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere. Using panel survey data, we show that most respondents initially show strong negative emotions towards SRM and reject the technology. However, public perception is not stable over time as emotions cool off and acceptance increases. The increase in acceptance is greater, the longer the cooling-off period between two surveys. Furthermore, we show that the cooling-off effect is more pronounced for more impulsive respondents.     

Engagement with climate change and the environment: a review of the role of relationships to place

A growing body of literature examines how human bonds with place influence engagement with climate change and other environmental issues. Yet, studies in this vein derive from a number of disconnected literatures with a variety of place concepts employed. We set out to assess the current state of knowledge in this field and provide a framework for analysing dimensions of relations to place and their links with environmental engagement. We systematically analysed the characteristics of 66 studies identified for: focus of research, location, methods, and findings, particularly whether relationships to place aided in environmental engagement. We also categorised the studies according to our dimensions of place relations framework, cultural and environmental contexts, and intensity of climate impacts experienced. The answer to our guiding research question – whether place attachment was an effective way to communicate with people about climate change and get them actively engaged with it – was yes (74.2%), but with considerable variation according to these characteristics and dimensions. Based on this analysis, we identify gaps in current research and suggest critical paths for future research, especially in terms of geography and demography because of their implications for justice and equity in the processes of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Needed future research includes studies of place relations in regards to climate change specifically, studies in the Global South, of minority populations, beyond rural areas, and qualitative or mixed-method studies able to draw out the complexities of relations to place.     

“We can keep the fire burning”: building action competence through environmental justice education in Uganda and Germany

The global dimensions of climate change necessitate a response that takes national differences – social, economic, geographic, and cultural – into account. Action-oriented education has a key role to play in advancing citizen engagement in a culture of sustainability. This paper describes research conducted with one such education programme, Youth Leading Environmental Change (YLEC), which operates in six countries and engages university-aged youth in discussion and practice related to global sustainability, systems thinking, and environmental justice. YLEC aims to advance four key competencies; this paper focuses on the goal of action competence, which involves acquiring knowledge, reflecting on experience in the context of one’s values, envisioning alternative futures, and acting individually and collectively to advance those alternatives. The present article examines the impacts of YLEC on environmental action competence in two of the countries involved in this research: Uganda and Germany. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants in both countries to examine the development of action competence during and after the programme. Findings suggest that outcomes differed in each country, reflective of participants’ different lived experiences. YLEC effectively built on the conditions faced in each country to accompany youth to a higher level of awareness and action. These findings have implications for environmental education programmes striving to work with multiple nations and diverse participants.     

Local governance of greenhouse gas emissions from air travel

Global greenhouse gas emissions from air travel (GHG-A) are on the rise, and projections point towards a rapid growth in the coming decades. This study aims to examine how local government (cities), addresses GHG-A in their Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP). To fulfil this aim, over 200 SEAPs were analysed focusing on three issues: (1) Treatment of GHG-A in local emissions inventories; (2) Policy initiatives within this domain; and (3) The cities’ perceptions of the conflicts of interests. Results showed that more than half of the cities acknowledge the challenge of GHG-A, around one third include GHG-A in their emissions inventories, and more than one quarter have initiated policy interventions. To categorise these interventions, we have added a mode ‘governing by agenda setting’ to an existing analytical framework, ‘Modes of governing’. With their authority limited to the local setting, this mode of governing is a common channel for cities to push changes at higher levels.