分离趋势产量和气候产量的方法探讨

在长时间序列的作物产量与气候因子关系的统计研究中,一般把作物的产量分解为趋势产量、气候产量和随机误差3部分。趋势产量是反映历史时期生产力发展水平的长周期产量分量,也被称为技术产量,气候产量是受气候要素为主的短周期变化因子(农业气象灾害为主)影响的波动产量分量。因为不同趋势产量模拟方法分离的气候产量的结果可能不同,甚至截然相反,所以分离趋势产量以得到准确的气候产量就显得尤其重要,这关系到影响作物产量的气候因子(主要是农业气象灾害)分析的准确性。试图以气候变化对棉花产量影响为例,说明如何选择合适的趋势产量求算方法,进而分离得到气候产量。提出了方法选择的3个依据条件:趋势产量模拟曲线应该符合社会技术各发展阶段的实际;全国或整个研究区的趋势产量变化特征因子应该基本一致(即社会和技术水平发展过程差异不大),气候条件相似区域其气候产量应该具有很强的相关性;分析得到的影响研究对象(作物)生长的关键气候因子或者农业气象灾害因子,应该符合所研究对象的生育特性及其对气候因子或农业气象灾害因子的响应规律。     

森林火灾气象环境要素和重大林火研究

利用1970～1994年25年间的森林火灾资料,分析研究了湖北省神农架林区森林火灾的火源,火环境条件,林火发生、发展、蔓延和熄灭过程的天气气候特征及重大林火燃烧期的某些要素特征,对指导森林防火灭火具有现实意义.     

青岛市海况与海洋灾害应急信息管理系统研究

着重考虑了针对青岛地区影响较大的风暴潮、灾害性海浪和赤潮等灾害所构建的应急系统的框架,简要介绍了系统的建设目标、建设内容和实现的功能,并详细阐述了专题数据的内容和来源及数据库的管理和更新机制.     

Scenarios of large mammal loss in Europe for the 21st century

Distributions and populations of large mammals are declining globally, leading to an increase in their extinction risk. We forecasted the distribution of extant European large mammals (17 carnivores and 10 ungulates) based on 2 Rio+20 scenarios of socioeconomic development: business as usual and reduced impact through changes in human consumption of natural resources. These scenarios are linked to scenarios of land‐use change and climate change through the spatial allocation of land conversion up to 2050. We used a hierarchical framework to forecast the extent and distribution of mammal habitat based on species’ habitat preferences (as described in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List database) within a suitable climatic space fitted to the species’ current geographic range. We analyzed the geographic and taxonomic variation of habitat loss for large mammals and the potential effect of the reduced impact policy on loss mitigation. Averaging across scenarios, European large mammals were predicted to lose 10% of their habitat by 2050 (25% in the worst‐case scenario). Predicted loss was much higher for species in northwestern Europe, where habitat is expected to be lost due to climate and land‐use change. Change in human consumption patterns was predicted to substantially improve the conservation of habitat for European large mammals, but not enough to reduce extinction risk if species cannot adapt locally to climate change or disperse.     

Arctic marine mammal population status,sea ice habitat loss,and conservation recommendations for the 21st century

Arctic marine mammals (AMMs) are icons of climate change, largely because of their close association with sea ice. However, neither a circumpolar assessment of AMM status nor a standardized metric of sea ice habitat change is available. We summarized available data on abundance and trend for each AMM species and recognized subpopulation. We also examined species diversity, the extent of human use, and temporal trends in sea ice habitat for 12 regions of the Arctic by calculating the dates of spring sea ice retreat and fall sea ice advance from satellite data (1979–2013). Estimates of AMM abundance varied greatly in quality, and few studies were long enough for trend analysis. Of the AMM subpopulations, 78% (61 of 78) are legally harvested for subsistence purposes. Changes in sea ice phenology have been profound. In all regions except the Bering Sea, the duration of the summer (i.e., reduced ice) period increased by 5–10 weeks and by >20 weeks in the Barents Sea between 1979 and 2013. In light of generally poor data, the importance of human use, and forecasted environmental changes in the 21st century, we recommend the following for effective AMM conservation: maintain and improve comanagement by local, federal, and international partners; recognize spatial and temporal variability in AMM subpopulation response to climate change; implement monitoring programs with clear goals; mitigate cumulative impacts of increased human activity; and recognize the limits of current protected species legislation.     

Fire Management,Managed Relocation,and Land Conservation Options for Long‐Lived Obligate Seeding Plants under Global Changes in Climate,Urbanization, and Fire Regime

Most species face multiple anthropogenic disruptions. Few studies have quantified the cumulative influence of multiple threats on species of conservation concern, and far fewer have quantified the potential relative value of multiple conservation interventions in light of these threats. We linked spatial distribution and population viability models to explore conservation interventions under projected climate change, urbanization, and changes in fire regime on a long‐lived obligate seeding plant species sensitive to high fire frequencies, a dominant plant functional type in many fire‐prone ecosystems, including the biodiversity hotspots of Mediterranean‐type ecosystems. First, we investigated the relative risk of population decline for plant populations in landscapes with and without land protection under an existing habitat conservation plan. Second, we modeled the effectiveness of relocating both seedlings and seeds from a large patch with predicted declines in habitat area to 2 unoccupied recipient patches with increasing habitat area under 2 projected climate change scenarios. Finally, we modeled 8 fire return intervals (FRIs) approximating the outcomes of different management strategies that effectively control fire frequency. Invariably, long‐lived obligate seeding populations remained viable only when FRIs were maintained at or above a minimum level. Land conservation and seedling relocation efforts lessened the impact of climate change and land‐use change on obligate seeding populations to differing degrees depending on the climate change scenario, but neither of these efforts was as generally effective as frequent translocation of seeds. While none of the modeled strategies fully compensated for the effects of land‐use and climate change, an integrative approach managing multiple threats may diminish population declines for species in complex landscapes. Conservation plans designed to mitigate the impacts of a single threat are likely to fail if additional threats are ignored. Manejo de Incendios, Reubicación Administrada y Opciones de Conservación de Suelo para Plantas de Vida Larga con Sembrado Obligado bajo los Cambios Globales en el Clima, la Urbanización y el Régimen de Incendios     

减轻自然灾害系统工程初议

本文用大量数据阐述了我国主要自然灾害所面临的严峻形势;进而分析了减轻自然灾害的可能性和必要性;并从系统科学和综合研究的角度出发,提出了减轻自然灾害系统工程的任务和内容。     

震后冀东岩溶地质灾害与防治

唐山地震后冀东地区不断发生的岩溶地质灾害，分别与震区地壳应力骤增、岩溶发育、覆盖层薄、地下水活动强及抽排蓄水措施不当有关。用加强管理和排截堵方法已减轻了灾害损失。     

我国1991年长江中下游洪涝灾害的反思

本文首先概述了长江洪水一般规律以及今年兩情、水情、灾情,说明今年长江流域总的雨情、水情都没有超过1954年,灾害性质属较大范围的严重涝灾和局部地区洪灾,但损失巨大.如果长江上游或中下游几条主要支流发生类似历史上曾经出现过的大洪水,其后果将更为严重. 今年抗洪涝斗争中.建国以来修建的水利工程发挥了巨大作用,减少了灾害损失,但也暴露出我们防洪除涝中存在的弱点和问题. 文章结合长江中下游平原区防洪情况.从“洪水不分省界、县界、从全局出发,通力协作,团结治水才能战胜洪水;”“分蓄洪措施不可避免.认真贯彻《关于蓄滞洪区安全与建设指导纲要》才能减少損失;”“长江防洪潜在危险不可忽视,必须抓紧解决,才能保证国家建设顺利进行;”“增强全社会和全民防洪意识.依法治水,努力减轻洪涝灾害损失.”等四个方面对今年发生的严重洪涝灾害进行了反思.并提出了建议.     

Institutional Responses to Climate Change: the Case of the Alaska Transportation System

Institutions managing the Alaska road,rail, airport, and marine highwaytransportation system and the pipelinecorridor are evaluated for reactions toevidence of climate change. Long-termclimate warming is not a formal criterionin the decisional process of the stateDepartment of Transportation and PublicFacilities for road and airport projects,which have a short (15–25 year) life span,but is taken into account for bridgeconstruction (50–75 year life). Short- tomid-term climate effects are considered inareas with discontinuous permafrost andaffect routing, roadbed construction, andmaintenance decisions. National standardsare amended with Alaska-specific practicesfor unique cold-weather conditions.The Federal/State Joint Pipeline Office(JPO), responsible for monitoring ofpipeline safety under the federal lease andstate grant, in 2001 developed additionalstipulations to mitigate permafrost thawingand slope instability, including a `watchlist' of 200 wobbling VSMs on theTrans-Alaska Pipeline. This action appearsmore responsive to climate change effectsthan that of any other arctic institutionstudied. It can be attributed to thespecific authority of the JPO to monitorgeotechnical conditions at present and inthe future.In general, agencies tended to adoptincremental responses to evidence ofclimate change.