Diel Cycling of Zinc in a Stream Impacted by Acid Rock Drainage: Initial Results from a New in situ Zn Analyzer

Recent work has demonstrated that many trace metals undergo dramatic diel (24-h) cycles in near neutral pH streams with metal concentrations reproducibly changing up to 500% during the diel period (Nimick et al., 2003). To examine diel zinc cycles in streams affected by acid rock drainage, we have developed a novel instrument, the Zn-DigiScan, to continuously monitor in situ zinc concentrations in near real-time. Initial results from a 3-day deployment at Fisher Creek, Montana have demonstrated the ability of the Zn-DigiScan to record diel Zn cycling at levels below 100 μg/l. Longer deployments of this instrument could be used to examine the effects of episodic events such as rainstorms and snowmelt pulses on zinc loading in streams affected by acid rock drainage.     

Microbially Mediated Redox Cycling at the Oxic–Anoxic Boundary in Sediments: Comparison of Animal and Plants Habitats

Microorganisms are responsible for the bulk of transformations that occur in surficial sediments. They are most active at redox boundaries where they can benefit from access to various oxidants and reductants generated during redox cycling events. To illustrate the dynamics of microbially mediated processes, especially those involving sulfur and metal cycles, processes were compared in habitats either bioturbated by a capitellid worm or inhabited by a salt marsh grass. The presence of macrofauna and macroflora greatly altered the three-dimensional array of redox gradients in sediments, but the type and form of reductants and oxidants provided varied greatly; clastic sedimentary infauna subducted solid phase organic material and iron oxides, whereas plant roots released dissolved organic matter and oxygen. These differences resulted in a bioturbated system that exhibited a rapid sulfur cycle (residence time of minutes), but a slower iron cycle (days), whereas vegetation caused a slow sulfur cycle and rapid iron cycle. Alteration of sediments by higher life forms also greatly affected the composition and relative abundances of sedimentary bacteria, even on short time scales. Although redox cycling at interfaces can be somewhat predictable, variations in response to biological and physical perturbations demonstrated wide differences in the dynamics of redox-mediated processes.     

三峡库区消落带干湿交替表层沉积物磷分布特征

通过研究分析经历完整反季节干湿交替周期的三峡库区消落带沉积物中磷的赋存形态及含量变化,揭示了消落带沉积物磷的源/汇转化趋势。结果表明:三峡库区消落带本底土壤、覆水沉积物以及落干沉积物无机形态磷分布均呈现一致规律,即钙磷>闭蓄态磷>铝磷>铁磷>可交换态磷,反映出三峡库区短期反季节干湿交替对无机形态磷分布规律影响不大。消落带反季节干湿交替有利于表层沉积物中活性较高的有机磷、活性磷累积,有利于相对稳定的闭蓄态磷、钙磷释放。     

覆盖条件下旱作春玉米农田土壤细菌群落结构分析

秸秆和地膜覆盖会改变农田土壤碳氮循环等理化条件,而覆盖对参与碳氮循环的土壤微生物的影响还鲜有报道。本研究通过高通量测序,分析了黄土高原旱作玉米农田无覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖下土壤细菌群落组成,探讨了细菌介导的碳氮循环对覆盖的响应。结果表明秸秆覆盖增加了土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性,且显著增加了分解纤维素的细菌(纤维弧菌属Cellvibrio)及介导固氮(根瘤菌属Rhizomicrobium、Chryseolinea)和硝化过程的细菌(亚硝化螺菌属Nitrosospira)丰度(p0.05);地膜覆盖增加了土壤细菌丰富度,但降低了细菌多样性,且显著增加了介导土壤硝化作用的硝化螺菌属Nitrospira的丰度(p0.05)。本结果为土壤中微生物介导的碳氮循环研究提供了理论依据。     

生物炭对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的影响

滨海湿地盐碱土壤在全球碳氮循环及调节气候变化中起着重要作用。环境友好型土壤改良剂生物炭（Biochar,BC）在缓解气候变化和促进农业可持续发展方面前景巨大。然而,现有研究多关注BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤中温室气体排放及土壤氮素流失的影响,缺乏其对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的深入研究和系统总结。本文综合分析了施用BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤植被碳库、有机碳库、有机碳矿化及生物固氮、硝化、反硝化、矿化、氨损失等碳氮循环过程的影响和可能机制。指出未来应关注长期野外研究,利用宏基因组等现代分子生物技术,阐明BC对土壤碳氮循环影响的分子生物学机制,以期为滨海湿地生态系统的修复与功能保育提供理论依据。     

伊乐藻-氮循环菌联用对太湖梅梁湾水体脱氮的研究

从太湖梅梁湾采集无扰动泥芯样,分别添加伊乐藻、固定化氮循环菌,模拟生态修复并探讨其机制.采用同位素配对技术测定了伊乐藻-氮循环菌技术对反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,伊乐藻与氮循环菌联合作用的试验柱的反硝化速率(以N计)最高,为104.64μmol·(m2·h)-1,与裸泥试验柱相比增加了150%.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术(RT-qPCR)对沉积物中反硝化菌功能基因nirS、nirK和nosZ进行定量研究,结果显示,反硝化菌的功能基因nirS和nosZ比对照裸泥组高出1～2个数量级,表明较高的微生物量促进了反硝化脱氮的能力.室内模拟实验还表明,沉水植物提高了耦合硝化反硝化的作用,氮循环菌提高了非耦合硝化反硝化的作用,沉水植物与微生物的联合作用提高了沉积物的总反硝化速率,促进了湖泊水体氮素的脱除,起到了净化作用.     

A model on the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu, China

A model of the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu was developed based on the previous developed model EcoTaihu Model, which couples the hydrology, the nutrient cycling and a number of biological processes. The carbon cycling model (abbreviated CCM) has in addition to the states variables of the EcoTaihu Model, the carbon in phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, macroplant, hydrogen carbonate carbon, carbonate carbon, dissolved carbon, abiotic organic carbon in water, organic carbon in sediment, soluble organic carbon in pore water, inorganic carbon in sediments, soluble inorganic carbon in pore water and pH. The calibration and validation of the CCM showed that the model results are in good accordance with the observations (from the period February17 to December. 5, 2003). It implies that the model can be used to assess the variation of the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface, and to find the pH value of the lake water as function of time. According to the model, the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface has clear, diurnal variations. Eutrophied water is a sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the phytosynthesis during the summer. Due to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake, Lake Taihu is, however, a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The total annual flux is almost equal to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake.     

川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮排放

基于县级农业活动水平数据及区域氮循环模型IAP-N方法,并根据地理特征、环境气候条件及地区行政区划将川渝地区划分成4个亚区,详细估算了1990~2004年川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放及其时空分布状况.结果表明,川渝地区1990~1994、1995~1999、2000~2004年农业生态系统N2O年平均排放量(以纯氮量计)分别为52.3、58.2、62.0 Gg/a,其中55%来自农田直接排放.3个时期农田直接排放量分别为29.6(7.6~63.3)、33.0(8.4~71.8)、34.0(8.5~75.8)Gg/a,农田直接排放通量分别为4.73、5.39、6.11 kg/(hm2.a).农田旱作是农田N2O直接排放的主要源,水旱轮作对农田N2O直接排放的贡献也很大.川渝地区农业生态系统N2O排放量以及农田N2O排放通量,1995~1999年期间比1990~1994年期间增长幅度较大;2000~2004年期间,农田N2O排放通量增长速度未呈现减缓趋势,但由于耕地面积减少,农田N2O排放量增长呈现停滞状态.川渝地区农业生态系统N2O主要排放地区分布在成都平原和重庆地区,各区域的N2O排放源贡献各...     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤碳氮比的时空变异特征

土壤碳氮比(C/N)是土壤质量的敏感指标,是衡量土壤C、N营养平衡状况的指标,它的演变趋势对土壤碳、氮循环有重要影响.通过野外调查、采样和分析,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术,探讨1980～2005年松嫩平原玉米带土壤C/N的时空变化规律.结果表明,1980年和2005年土壤C/N的平均值分别为10.56和12.30.2...     

贵州阿哈湖物质循环过程的微量元素地球化学初步研究

对贵州阿哈湖夏季和冬季分层湖水的水化学参数、溶解态微量元素和悬浮颗粒物微量元素进行了对比研究。结果显示:阿哈湖湖水夏季热分层和化学分层均较明显,而冬季湖水处于混合状态。夏季湖泊物质循环过程对生源要素Si、DOC以及Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo等微量元素的分布和迁移转化均产生了重要影响。夏季湖泊底层水体中溶解态Mn、Fe、Co和Ni的含量较高,主要受有机质降解和Fe、Mn氧化还原循环的影响,而且Mn的循环强度高于Fe循环,溶解态Cr在底层水体中仅有小幅升高;另外,沉积物孔隙水向上覆水体的释放作用对底层水体中溶解态重金属浓度的升高可能也有一定的影响。溶解态Zn和Mo在夏季底层水体中的含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,主要受到金属硫化物形成以及钼酸盐沉淀的影响。夏季悬浮颗粒物的Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo均在氧化还原界面附近呈明显富集趋势,主要受铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物吸附/解吸、氧化还原作用等水-粒相互作用过程的控制和影响;此外,金属硫化物的形成可能也对底层水体中悬浮颗粒物Zn、Mo和Ni含量的升高有一定贡献。