The potential for improvements in energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the EU27 cement industry and the relationship with the capital budgeting decision criteria

This paper performs a cost-effectiveness analysis of some of the best available technologies (BAT) that can contribute to decreasing the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the European Union’s (EU27) cement industry. Several capital budgeting decision criteria have been used (the payback period, the net present value and the internal rate of return) to study whether or not an investment should be considered worthwhile. The results show that, independent of the capital budgeting decision criteria used, the number of cost-effective retrofitting possibilities available is large compared to the rate of improvements that the industry undertakes annually. This shows the insensitivity of the industry to financial criteria when it comes to making their investment decisions. The possible thermal energy improvement in the clinker production, if all these BATs were implemented, has been quantified to be around 10%. This achievement would place the cement industry in the upper bound of the benchmark range for clinker manufacture. However considering the delays observed nowadays in terms of diffusion of BATs in the cement industry, it requires a conducive policy environment that combines support for both technology development and to their deployment.     

加强风电建设 开发可再生能源

资源与环境是人类赖以生存、繁衍和发展的基本条件,而资源短缺、环境污染和生态恶化已成为人类发展面临的重大威胁。全球常规能源的有限性和大量使用正使其面临枯竭,而且在开发、转换、加工、运输和利用过程还伴生许多环境问题。风电以可再生、永不枯竭、无污染、安全可靠等优点,必将在能源产业中异军突起。     

污泥增活剂影响MBR处理效果试验研究

向一体式膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)中投加污泥增活剂,与普通MBR进行试验对比,考察了污泥增活剂-MBR复合工艺对污染物去除的强化作用及对混合液污泥特性的影响。结果表明,污泥增活剂不仅提高了COD和氨氮的去除效果,而且由于增活剂与污泥形成的生物团粒的有效作用使系统总氮去除率提高10%以上。污泥增活剂-MBR中污泥混合液胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric substances,EPS)含量高于MBR,上清液溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial products,SMP)和Zeta电位相对较低,及EPS与SMP和Zeta电位的变化对应规律,说明污泥增活剂使EPS含量升高,促进了污泥活性的提高。较低的SMP浓度将降低膜自身污染的程度,活性炭的作用可使泥饼层结构疏松,能够减缓泥饼层带来的膜通量下降。     

新型单室无质子膜微生物燃料电池性能研究

采用不锈钢金属丝阳极构建了管状单室无质子交换膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),并以葡萄糖为唯一电子供体,研究MFC的性能.在室温下,初始ρ(CODCr)为496 mg/L,外接电阻为1 000 Ω时,该MFC可以连续产电,最高电压达235.11 mV,开路电压为461.00 mV,内电阻约2 820 Ω.实验条件下测得该MFC的最大功率密度为137.1 mW/m2,库仑效率为32.4%.采用该MFC进行了啤酒酿造废水处理对比实验,在进水ρ(CODCr)为15 900 mg/L,停留时间为96 h下,MFC对废水CODCr的去除率达40%～55%,比厌氧生物处理效率高5%～10%.表明MFC技术可以在获得电能的同时,强化有机废水的生物处理过程.     

格栅类通透性吊顶对水喷淋控火性能影响的实验研究

通过实验研究了格栅类通透性吊顶对水喷淋控火性能的影响,并利用燃料燃尽时间来计算控火有效性因子来量化这种影响.研究结果表明:格栅会降低水喷淋控火性能,与格栅类吊顶形式、喷头安装高度和工作压力流量有关.在确定的吊顶形式和尺寸下,存在着对控火性能影响最大的喷头安装高度.在实际工程应用中应根据具体格栅特性,合理设计喷头安装高度,以降低格栅的不利影响,保证水喷淋的控火有效性.     

中国碳价格对覆盖行业贸易竞争力的影响研究

总量控制下的碳市场在减少温室气体排放的同时,会增加企业的碳排放成本,进而可能降低企业的贸易竞争力。本文选择全国碳市场覆盖的6个能源密集型和贸易暴露型行业,以行业贸易竞争力指数、行业出口值和出口竞争力指数作为贸易竞争力的衡量指标,研究了碳价格对它们贸易竞争力的影响。由于缺乏全国碳价格数据,本文选用能源成本作为碳价格的代理变量,先研究能源成本对覆盖行业贸易竞争力的影响,通过碳价格向能源成本的映射关系,再研究碳价格对覆盖行业贸易竞争力的影响。首先,本文设定(对数)线性模型,研究了行业能源成本对行业贸易竞争力的影响。结果显示,行业能源成本每提升100元,行业贸易竞争力指数约下降0.0136;行业能源成本每提升100%,行业出口值和行业出口竞争力指数分别下降约22.97%和12.26%。然后,本文研究了行业能源消费和二氧化碳排放之间的关系,建立碳价格向行业能源成本的映射。由于短期内行业能源消费结构比较稳定,每消费1单位能源,行业排放二氧化碳的量就相对固定,但又因行业间的能源结构存在差异,相同的碳价格映射到各行业的能源成本也就不同。之后,本文构建存在全国碳价格的反事实情景,通过映射关系研究了不同水平碳价格对覆盖行业贸易竞争力的边际影响和累积影响。结果显示,碳价格对覆盖行业的贸易竞争力的边际影响递减。由于行业能源成本、映射系数及出口规模的不同,碳价格对覆盖行业出口值的影响规模存在一定的差异。最后,本文根据研究结果提出相关政策建议。     

Performance of a large-scale greenhouse solar dryer integrated with phase change material thermal storage system for drying of chili

ABSTRACT

Large-scale greenhouse solar dryers have been used for drying various products and this type of dryer is usually equipped with LPG burner as auxiliary heater, which creates more operating cost. To overcome this problem, phase change material (PCM) thermal storage was proposed to substitute for the LPG burner. In this work, the performance of a large-scale greenhouse solar dryer integrated with a PCM as a latent heat storage for drying of chili was investigated. Experimental studies were conducted to compare the performance of this dryer with that of another large-scale greenhouse solar dryer without the PCM thermal storage and open sun drying. Chili with an initial moisture content of 74.7% (w.b.) was dried to a final moisture content of 10.0% (w.b.) in 2.5 days, 3.5 days, and 11 days using the solar dryer integrated with the PCM thermal storage, the solar dryer without the PCM thermal storage and the open sun drying, respectively. The performance of the solar dryer integrated with the PCM thermal storage was also evaluated using exergy analysis. The exergy efficiency of the drying room of the solar dryer integrated with the PCM thermal storage and the solar dryer without the PCM thermal storage for drying of chili was found to be 13.1% and 11.4%, respectively and the thermal storage helps to dry chili during adverse weather conditions. The results of exergy analysis implied that the exergy losses from the dryer with the PCM should be reduced.     

(Not) talking about justice: justice self-recognition and the integration of energy and environmental-social justice into renewable energy siting

Renewable energy often provokes heated debate on climate change, energy security and the local impacts of developments. However, how far such discussions involve thorough and inclusive debate on the energy and environmental-social justice issues associated with renewable energy siting remains ambiguous, particularly where government agendas prioritise renewable energy and planning systems offer limited opportunities for public debate on value-based arguments for and against renewable energy developments. Using the concept of justice self-recognition, we argue for greater attention to public discussion of the justice dimensions of renewable energy to assist in developing mechanisms to integrate distributive and procedural fairness principles into renewable energy decision-making. To explore how justice is currently invoked in such contexts, we examine recent U.K. policies for renewable energy and public submissions to applications for small-scale wind energy projects in Cornwall, U.K. The analysis of public comments revealed that justice concerns were rarely discussed explicitly. Comments instead did not raise concerns as justice issues or focused implicitly on distributive justice, stressing local aesthetic, community and economic impacts, clean energy and climate change. However, the findings indicated limited discussion of procedural or participatory justice, an absence that hampers the establishment of coherent procedures for deciding acceptable impacts, information standards, public participation and arbitrating disputes. We conclude by suggesting procedural reforms to policy and planning to enable greater public expression of justice concerns and debate on how to negotiate tensions between energy and environmental-social justice in renewable energy siting decisions.     

人工湿地型微生物燃料电池研究进展述评

湿地型微生物燃料电池(Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell,CW-MFC)由人工湿地和微生物燃料电池耦合而成,因其具有丰富的微生物种群和较强的电极催化活性,在水质净化和生物产电领域有着良好的应用前景。从CWMFC反应器结构、电极材料及电极布置、填充材料、湿地植物、微生物和运行参数等几个方面对其研究和应用现状进行述评。总体上,大多数CW-MFC系统的产电效果并不理想,普遍净能量回收率小于0.050(kW·h)/kg COD,但在污染物处理去除方面效果显著,COD去除率基本可以达到80%以上。目前,上流式的垂直流运行模式是最合理且常用的运行模式,颗粒状的石墨或者活性炭与金属集电器的组合则是理想的电极材料,较小电极间距、多电极和扩大阴极的电极布置可有效提高系统产电性能,脱水明矾污泥是最具有研究价值的填料。此外,湿地植物会明显提高CW-MFC产电性能,其影响因素包括根际微生物活性、根际分泌物、根际沉积物、径向泌氧、光合作用;湿地植物和电系统还会促进微生物种群增长从而提高系统性能。CW-MFC中的污染物负荷、HRT(大多为3 d)、运行温度(20~40℃)和pH值(7~9)也是提高系统性能的关键因素。总结了未来CW-MFC所面临的挑战及研究方向,包括如何提高产电效率补充能源消耗、新兴污染物的降解及降解机理的研究,以及与其他工艺的联合应用。     

Drivers of social equity in renewable energy at the municipal level: the case of local Japanese energy policy and preferences

ABSTRACT

Recent research has allowed us to quantify the costs and benefits of adopting renewable energy in specific municipalities, but how do these outcomes vary among communities at the national scale? This study uses survey responses from 47 Japanese municipalities to model these impacts and identifies key technological, social, and demographic factors that shape which communities benefit more from the renewable energy transition. On average, introducing renewable energy improves social equity, any financial burden on electricity prices is born most by wealthier residents, not the poor, and towns are predisposed to benefit from renewables no matter the amount introduced. To improve these impacts, towns can increase the amount of solar they host, or they can adjust the amount of CO2 emissions, PM emissions, tax revenue, jobs gained, or unpopular renewable power plants in their town. However, preferences and demographics matter as well. Age, education, and local preferences in favor of employment and community development all significantly relate to equity potential outcomes. Policymakers should consider adjusting their local energy priorities using these levers if they hope to engineer a renewable energy transition that is both positive and popular for their constituents.