Missing the trees for the forest? Bottom-up policy implementation and adaptive management in the US natural resource bureaucracy

For decades, natural resource agencies in the United States have attempted to restore ecosystems using adaptive management, a process that emphasizes experimental learning to reduce uncertainty. Most studies show that it rarely occurs in practice and explain implementation failures as organizational issues. This study draws on policy implementation theory to suggest that behaviors and attitudes of individuals may better explain implementation gaps. This comparative case study finds differences between experts implementing adaptive management in the Fish and Wildlife Service and the United States Geological Survey. These include differences in attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors aimed at promoting individual autonomy, performance standards, and defending individual interests on the job. Policy implications are twofold: first, that individual behaviors impact adaptive management implementation and intrinsic motivation to perform such functions. Second, regardless of agency, experts view their work as a social good. This suggests that a devolved planning process may remedy implementation obstacles.     

How to “walk the talk”: The perspectives of sector staff on implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda

Many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa have adopted similar approaches to tackle the challenges of rural water supply, including community‐based management, community participation and the demand‐responsive approach. These are often combined with nationwide programmes of capacity‐building and decentralization. This paper first shows how Uganda has adopted these approaches in its rural water supply programme. Based on Government documents, we construct an organizational framework that illustrates the overall programme and outlines the roles and responsibilities which actors are expected to fulfil. Second, based on interviews with sector staff and a review of Government documents, the paper examines challenges to successfully “walk the talk”; that is, it provides insight into challenges affecting programme implementation. Among numerous difficulties, two key issues are highlighted: local political interference and the weak capacity of local governments. Concerning local political interference, local planning processes need to be reformed so that local politicians commit more strongly to improving water supply. Regarding local government capacity, the Government department responsible for the programme has established eight regional units that provide support to local governments. This promising strategy, combined with more appropriate engagement and the commitment of local politicians, should help to improve the implementation of the rural water supply programme in Uganda.     

农田保护经济补偿政策的实施成效及影响因素分析-闵行区、张家港市和成都市的实证

以上海市闵行区、江苏省张家港市以及四川省成都市的6 个乡镇42 个村545 个农户为研究对象,分析典型地区试行农田保护经济补偿政策的实施成效及影响因素。研究表明：①农田保护补偿政策的经济激励措施一定程度上调动农民种田积极性,对促进粮食增产和提高农民收入等有一定成效,但保护责任附带的规划管制措施却相对减弱农民在维护农田设施、农田生产等公共物品投入方面的积极性;②政策实施成效具有显著的空间差异性,已制定实施计划、但农户尚未领取到补偿款项的江苏省张家港市金港镇和乐余镇的农民参与农田保护补偿政策的积极性最弱,而在全国最早实施耕地保护基金政策的四川省成都市永安镇、金桥镇和江源镇农民对政策成效的评价则相对较好;③区域因素中村庄位置以及农户个体因素中村干部经历、政策关注度等对政策成效有显著影响。建议通过多样化补偿模式,优先满足中低收入农户的经济补偿需求,激励农民农田利用与保护的积极性,提升农田生态环境质量。     

氟化工行业循环经济模式构建研究

氟化工是化工行业中发展最快、最具高新技术和最有前景的行业之一。如何使该行业持续健康发展,走循环经济是其根本出路。文章中论述了氟化工企业目前存在的主要问题,提出了氟化工企业实施循环经济的基本途径,并以青海某氟化工企业为实例,论述了该氟化工企业从延长产业链、采用清洁生产工艺、能源回收利用、水资源利用、固废资源综合利用、工艺尾气资源利用等方面构建循环经济模式,为同类型氟化工企业循环经济建设提供参考。     

基于Android平台的室内环境检测系统的设计研究

在Android平台上设计并实现了室内Wifi环境检测系统.文中首先介绍了信号传播模型,探讨了关于室内位置匹配的算法,主要包括算法的基础思想,关于位置匹配算法的介绍,在位置匹配算法介绍中,主要介绍了四种方法,他们是采样的方法、测试的方法、环境检测的方法和修正的方法.最后给出了室内环境检测系统设计,主要包括三条,室内环境检测系统总体设计、室内环境客户端设计和室内环境服务器端设计,最后给出了室内环境的实验结果,得到满意的成果.     

《反食品浪费法》实施的若干关键问题

《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》（以下简称《反食品浪费法》）的颁布实施,使长期以来中国反对食物浪费实现了由道德约束到法制治理的历史性转变。该法律是在当今世界食物浪费现象普遍、威胁全球粮食安全和中国政府高度重视食物浪费问题的背景下颁布的,意义重大。这部法律为中国反食物浪费社会实践提供了法律保证,也为全球反食物浪费事业提出了中国答案。《反食品浪费法》具有注重顶层设计、立法过程快捷简明,立法目的鲜明、节约资源融贯始终,法律措施全面、规制责任主体广泛,社会多元共治、凸显节粮治理效能,依法施策、致力于服务粮食安全战略,坚持德法并举、推动节粮意识转为法律约束等显著特点。从一年来的实践看,《反食品浪费法》在实施中,目前仍需解决进一步厘清权责、细化标准体系和加强基础支撑等关键问题,有关部门应着重通过采取建立长效监测评估机制、构建科学有效的监测评估方法体系和加强相关部门协同联动等措施,规范和指导《反食品浪费法》落地实施,充分发挥其规制和规范全社会各种各样食物浪费行为的作用,有效减少食物浪费,保障国家粮食安全,助推生态文明和社会文明建设。     

面向碳中和的中国自然资源安全保障与实现策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情和世界地缘政治经济格局变化,对中国实现碳中和战略目标与保障自然资源安全产生了重大影响。如何把实现碳中和目标与保障资源安全目标结合起来,从碳中和的技术逻辑和自然资源领域的实践逻辑视角,分析提出中国自然资源安全保障路径及其实现策略,具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。从自然资源对国民经济社会发展的重要支撑作用和当前自然资源利用与保护实践出发,系统分析了碳中和的相关问题和自然资源领域实现碳中和的主要路径。研究表明：当前国内外对碳排放的认识不仅存在量化指标不确定性,而且还有很多其他的误区,中国面向2030年和2060年多个发展目标,需要统筹各种能源与资源的合理利用,自然资源领域实现碳中和必须遵循自身的技术逻辑与实践逻辑,厘清碳中和行动之间各种边界,加强自然资源学的基础理论与方法研究,揭示碳达峰和碳中和（3060目标）与能源和资源关联耦合机理,研究制定化石能源退出路径和其他利用策略,研发和推广提升资源与能源利用效率的适用技术,探索林草、湿地、土地利用和碳封存实现增汇的潜力与实施路径,研究山水林田湖草沙与自然资源系统治理新模式,开展面向碳中和战略目标的自然资源安全战略研究、模拟预警、动态评估、方法创新与应用示范。建议实施包括化石能源双控行动、再生能源勘查行动、资源利用提效行动、关键矿产增储行动、耕地保护修复行动、林草扩绿保育行动、湿地修复保护行动、陆海统筹协调行动、资源管理智能行动、人才技术创新行动等十大重点战略计划。     

无废城市垃圾分类均衡推进的政策执行困境及对策

以“无废城市”试点之一的绍兴市为对象,选取诸暨市、上虞区、柯桥区、新昌县4个发展差异较大的区域,通过层次分析法评估区域分类成效,并基于“史密斯”政策执行模型剖析各区域分类工作均衡推进的政策执行制约因素,最终提出相应对策.研究发现分类工作成效上虞>诸暨>柯桥>新昌;针对政策可执行性、目标群体理解度,政策执行准确度以及经济政治环境制约因素,提出完善分类政策、提升执行效率、激发群众分类意识、经济政策协同等对策以构建“四流畅通”管理模式,促“无废城市”全域均衡推进.     

科技攻关防沙止漠综合整治西北国土——"荒漠化治理技术研究与示范"项目评述

本文论述了“九五”国家科技攻关项目“荒漠化治理技术研究与示范”，在我国北方沙地整治和西北地区生态环境建设中的示范作用，并详细分析了所取得的成果和技术创新以及由此而产生的深远影响，为有关研究和决策机构提供一定的参考。     

The Social Meaning of Carbon Dioxide Emission Trading Institutional Capacity Building for a Green Market in Costa Rica

Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified by the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of this paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too simplistic one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing countries. From their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It must be seen as a social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more encompassing improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as a carbon market might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement between Costa Rica and Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP) represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we study the development, characteristics and benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons can be learned from this first practical experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that have made this type of agreement successful.